Interactions between pinewood nematodes and the fungal community of pine trees

Pimentel, Carla S.; Firmino, Paulo N.; Ayres, Matthew P.

doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101046

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…However, symbiotic fungi absorb soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in exchange for C from the host, which results in their community composition being more influenced by soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients [ 96 , 97 ]. It should be noted that soil factors explained less than 35% of the variation in soil fungal community composition ( Figure 5 ), and the unexplained variation in soil fungal community composition may be caused by unmeasured indicators such as soil temperature [ 22 , 36 ], plant factors [ 69 , 74 ], and mycophagous organisms [ 98 , 99 , 100 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Chen

Shi

Liu

et al. 2022

JoF

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Soil fungi play an integral and essential role in maintaining soil ecosystem functions. The understanding of altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity remains relatively unclear. Mountains provide an open, natural platform for studying how the soil fungal community responds to climatic variability at a short altitude distance. Using the Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, we examined soil fungal community composition and diversity among seven vegetation types (dry valley shrub, valley-mountain ecotone broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest, subalpine coniferous forest, alpine shrub meadow, alpine meadow) along a 2582 m altitude gradient in the alpine–gorge region on the eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ascomycota (47.72%), Basidiomycota (36.58%), and Mortierellomycota (12.14%) were the top three soil fungal dominant phyla in all samples. Soil fungal community composition differed significantly among the seven vegetation types along altitude gradients. The α-diversity of soil total fungi and symbiotic fungi had a distinct hollow pattern, while saprophytic fungi and pathogenic fungi showed no obvious pattern along altitude gradients. The β-diversity of soil total fungi, symbiotic fungi, saprophytic fungi, and pathogenic fungi was derived mainly from species turnover processes and exhibited a significant altitude distance-decay pattern. Soil properties explained 31.27−34.91% of variation in soil fungal (total and trophic modes) community composition along altitude gradients, and the effects of soil nutrients on fungal community composition varied by trophic modes. Soil pH was the main factor affecting α-diversity of soil fungi along altitude gradients. The β-diversity and turnover components of soil total fungi and saprophytic fungi were affected by soil properties and geographic distance, while those of symbiotic fungi and pathogenic fungi were affected only by soil properties. This study deepens our knowledge regarding altitude variations and their drivers of soil fungal community composition and diversity, and confirms that the effects of soil properties on soil fungal community composition and diversity vary by trophic modes along altitude gradients in the alpine–gorge region.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Chen

Shi

Liu

et al. 2022

JoF

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“…Beetles emerging from pupal chambers having an intense colonization by blue-stain fungi vectored higher numbers of dauer juveniles (J IV ), highlighting the relation between the PWN population and the fungal species present in the infected tree (Maehara and Futai, 2005 ). These results and further work (to Maehara et al, 2006 ; Maehara, 2008 ; Niu et al, 2012 ; Futai, 2013 ; Pimentel et al, 2021 ) undoubtedly suggest a mutualistic symbiosis between the nematode and certain fungi, possibly because of a long-term co-evolution. This effect is not surprising considering the mycetophagous status of Bursaphelenchus nematodes and might represent the trace of an evolutionary transition from this fungal-feeding behavior to the plant parasitic activity of B. xylophilus (Kanzaki et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…1, while O. ips or O. minus resulted in significantly lower PWN populations. Pimentel et al ( 2021 ) evaluated nematode propagation in 10 different species of Ascomycota fungi, including different Ophiostomales species ( O. ips, O. piliferum, O. minus ) and Leptographium ( L. procerum, L. terebrantis ). After 20 days of incubation, the nematode propagation in these fungal isolates was unexcepted, since all were unsuitable for PWN growth (Pimentel et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pimentel et al ( 2021 ) evaluated nematode propagation in 10 different species of Ascomycota fungi, including different Ophiostomales species ( O. ips, O. piliferum, O. minus ) and Leptographium ( L. procerum, L. terebrantis ). After 20 days of incubation, the nematode propagation in these fungal isolates was unexcepted, since all were unsuitable for PWN growth (Pimentel et al, 2021 ). In this sense, not all ophiostomatoid fungi have been considered suitable for PWN growth in declining trees (Zhao et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Vicente

Soares²,

Faria³

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Considered one of the most devastating plant–parasitic nematodes worldwide, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (commonly known as pinewood nematode, PWN) is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease in the Eurasian coniferous forests. This migratory parasitic nematode is carried by an insect vector (Monochamus spp.) into the host tree (Pinus species), where it can feed on parenchymal cells and reproduce massively, resulting in the tree wilting. In declining trees, PWN populations are strongly dependent on fungal communities colonizing the host (predominantly ophiostomatoid fungi known to cause sapwood blue-staining, the blue-stain fungi), which not only influence their development and life cycle but also the number of individuals carried by the insect vector into a new host. Our main aim is to understand if PWN-associated mycobiota plays a key role in the development of PWD, in interaction with the PWN and the insect vector, and to what extent it can be targeted to disrupt the disease cycle. For this purpose, we characterized the fungal communities of Pinus pinaster trees infected and non-infected with PWN in three collection sites in Continental Portugal with different PWD temporal incidences. Our results showed that non-infected P. pinaster mycoflora is more diverse (in terms of abundance and fungal richness) than PWN-infected pine trees in the most recent PWD foci, as opposed to the fungal communities of long-term PWD history sites. Then, due to their ecological importance for PWN survival, representatives of the main ophiostomatoid fungi isolated (Ophiostoma, Leptographium, and Graphilbum) were characterized for their adaptative response to temperature, competition in-between taxa, and as food source for PWN. Under the conditions studied, Leptographium isolates showed promising results for PWN control. They could outcompete the other species, especially O. ips, and significantly reduce the development of PWN populations when compared to Botrytis cinerea (routinely used for PWN lab culturing), suggesting this to be a natural antagonist not only for the other blue-stain species but also for the PWN.

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“…Although O. ips was not found in the galleries of M. alternatus 2 nd -3 rd instar larvae in this study, it was the primary species at the 4 th -5 th instar, with an isolation rate of 50.88% and fungal abundance was much higher than that of other fungi during this period. Experiments with nematode propagation revealed that O. ips could breed nematodes, but not as effectively as Botrytis cinerea (Pimentel et al 2021). In addition, biochemical analysis results revealed that O. ips could produce a wide range of volatile chemical substances (Cale et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of fungi associated with Monochamus alternatus larval habitats in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected Pinus massoniana and identification of two new ophiostomatalean species (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales)

Zheng¹,

You²,

Li³

et al. 2022

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Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pathogenic pine wood nematode (PWN), is responsible for pine wilt disease (PWD), which has caused significant economic and ecological damage worldwide, particularly in East Asia. Multiple biological factors, such as the beetle vector Monochamus, symbiotic bacteria and associated fungi, are involved in the disease infection cycle. This study isolated and identified the fungal communities of Monochamus alternatus larval galleries and pupal chambers from different instars through field investigation, morphological observation and multi-locus DNA sequence analyses in Zhejiang Province, China. A total of 255 and 454 fungal strains were isolated from M. alternatus galleries and pupal chambers infected with PWN, from the 2nd–3rd and 4th–5th instar larvae, respectively. A total of 18 species of fungi were identified, 14 species were isolated from the 2nd–3rd instar larval galleries and six species from the galleries and pupal chambers of the 4th–5th instar larvae. Amongst them were six species belonging to four genera of ophiostomatalean fungi, including two novel species, Graphilbum xianjuensissp. nov. and Ophiostoma taizhouensesp. nov. and four known species, Ceratocystiopsis weihaiensis, Ophiostoma ips, Sporothrix zhejiangensis and S. macroconidia. The findings revealed that the fungal diversity and abundance of the 2nd–3rd instar larvae differed markedly from those of the 4th–5th instar larvae. This difference could be the result of fungal succession. This study provides a thorough understanding of the fungi associated with PWD and lays the groundwork for future research.

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Interactions between pinewood nematodes and the fungal community of pine trees

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Diversity of fungi associated with Monochamus alternatus larval habitats in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected Pinus massoniana and identification of two new ophiostomatalean species (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales)

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Interactions between pinewood nematodes and the fungal community of pine trees

Cited by 8 publications

References 51 publications

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Altitudinal Variation Influences Soil Fungal Community Composition and Diversity in Alpine–Gorge Region on the Eastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Fungal Communities of the Pine Wilt Disease Complex: Studying the Interaction of Ophiostomatales With Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

﻿Diversity of fungi associated with Monochamus alternatus larval habitats in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected Pinus massoniana and identification of two new ophiostomatalean species (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales)

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Diversity of fungi associated with Monochamus alternatus larval habitats in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus-infected Pinus massoniana and identification of two new ophiostomatalean species (Ascomycota, Ophiostomatales)