Interactions between human microbiome, liver diseases, and immunosuppression after liver transplant

Peruhova, Milena; Peshevska-Sekulovska, Monika; Velikova, Tsvetelina

doi:10.5411/wji.v11.i2.11

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These techniques include genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that allow the identification of unknown genetic risk factors, positional cloning of unknown genes associated with different diseases, the gene tests for single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of selected genes or/and the entire genome. Our knowledge so far confirms that gut microbiome composition and its metabolites are not only regulating factors in carcinogenesis (including de novo after liver transplantation) but also in xenobiotics and anticancer treatment failure [86][87][88][89], observations that may be related to the genetic background of the individuals.…”

Section: Major Genetic Factors Involved In Liver Diseases Pathogenesissupporting

confidence: 74%

Microbiome and Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases

Miteva,

Peshevska-Sekulovska,

Snegarova

et al. 2023

Gastroenterology Insights

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Our genetic background has not changed over the past century, but chronic diseases are on the rise globally. In addition to the genetic component, among the critical factors for many diseases are inhabitants of our intestines (gut microbiota) as a crucial environmental factor. Dysbiosis has been described in liver diseases with different etiologies like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-related liver disease (ALD), viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, new technologies have increased our understanding of liver disease genetics and treatment options. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identify unknown genetic risk factors, positional cloning of unknown genes associated with different diseases, gene tests for single nucleotide variations (SNVs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of selected genes or the complete genome. NGS also allowed studying the microbiome and its role in various liver diseases has begun. These genes have proven their effect on microbiome composition in host genome–microbiome association studies. We focus on altering the intestinal microbiota, and supplementing some bacterial metabolites could be considered a potential therapeutic strategy. The literature data promote probiotics/synbiotics role in reducing proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and the interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8), therefore improving transaminase levels, hepatic steatosis, and NAFLD activity score. However, even though microbial therapy appears to be risk-free, evaluating side effects related to probiotics or synbiotics is imperative. In addition, safety profiles for long-term usage should be researched. Thus, this review focuses on the human microbiome and liver diseases, recent GWASs on liver disease, the gut-liver axis, and the associations with the microbiome and microbiome during/after liver disease therapy.

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Section: Major Genetic Factors Involved In Liver Diseases Pathogenesissupporting

confidence: 74%

Microbiome and Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases

Miteva,

Peshevska-Sekulovska,

Snegarova

et al. 2023

Gastroenterology Insights

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“…Recently, it has been shown that after LT there is a decrease in gut bacterial diversity and dysbiosis [1,8]. It has been found that changes in gut microbial composition can result in disruption of the mucosal barrier, facilitating the translocation of bacteria and microbial products pathogen associated molecular patterns in the portal circulation affecting the inflammatory cytokine milieu in the liver [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been found that the decrease in the total amount of FAEP is accompanied by overgrowth of some opportunistic species, which increases the risk of infections in patients [7]. Many factors can affect the gut microbiota after LT, such as antibiotics, pro/prebiotics, and immunosuppressive therapy that can additionally modify the baseline gut bacterial dysbiosis present in ESLD, emphasizing the importance of understanding the impact of gut microbiota post LT [1,8]. However, it should be noted that there are age related changes in the gut microbiota with infant microbiota being relatively volatile [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations of gut bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in late post-transplant period after liver transplantation

Kukov¹,

Peruhova²,

Syarov³

et al. 2022

Iberoam J Med

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Introduction: Recent studies have shown that the intestinal microbiota can modulate certain systemic metabolic and immune responses, including liver graft function and the development of complications in patients after liver transplantation (LT). Akkermansia muciniphila (AKM) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (FAEP) are two of the most abundant gut commensal bacteria, with mucosa-protective and anti-inflammatory effects that are important for maintaining normal intestinal homeostasis and gut barrier function. Our objective was to quantify levels of Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in immunosuppressed patients with LT. Materials and methods: Fecal samples from 23 liver transplant patients (15 adults and 8 children) and 9 non-LT controls were examined. Bacterial DNA was isolated from the samples using the stool DNA isolation kit and the obtained DNA was analyzed with commercially available qPCR kit for AKM and FAEP. Results: We found a statistically significant decrease in the amount of AKM and FAEP compared to the control group. The median values were: for AKM 8.75 for patients and 10.25 for the control group (p = 0.030), and for FAEP 9.72 and 10.47, p = 0.003, respectively. In children after LT, this difference was also statistically significant: AKM (p = 0.051) and FAEP (p = 0.014). In contrast no statistically significant differences were found between adult patients and controls, AKM (p = 0.283) and FAEP (p = 0.056), although the amount of both bacteria showed tendency for reduction. Conclusions: In this pilot study, we found a reduction in the total amount of the two studied bacteria in transplanted patients compared to the control healthy group.

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“…The fact that immunological modulation caused by increased microbial diversity determines the severity of graft vs. host illness is an essential factor for patients starting allo-HSCT. Furthermore, compositional changes caused by therapy might also be involved [ 118 , 119 ]. For example, checkpoint inhibitors, such as other cancer medicines, have significant inter-individual heterogeneity in patient responses [ 47 ].…”

Section: Cancer Immunotherapy and Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiome Composition and Its Metabolites Are a Key Regulating Factor for Malignant Transformation, Metastasis and Antitumor Immunity

Lozenov

Krastev²,

Georgiev

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The genetic and metabolomic abundance of the microbiome exemplifies that the microbiome comprises a more extensive set of genes than the entire human genome, which justifies the numerous metabolic and immunological interactions between the gut microbiota, macroorganisms and immune processes. These interactions have local and systemic impacts that can influence the pathological process of carcinogenesis. The latter can be promoted, enhanced or inhibited by the interactions between the microbiota and the host. This review aimed to present evidence that interactions between the host and the gut microbiota might be a significant exogenic factor for cancer predisposition. It is beyond doubt that the cross-talk between microbiota and the host cells in terms of epigenetic modifications can regulate gene expression patterns and influence cell fate in both beneficial and adverse directions for the host’s health. Furthermore, bacterial metabolites could shift pro- and anti-tumor processes in one direction or another. However, the exact mechanisms behind these interactions are elusive and require large-scale omics studies to better understand and possibly discover new therapeutic approaches for cancer.

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Interactions between human microbiome, liver diseases, and immunosuppression after liver transplant

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Microbiome and Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases

Microbiome and Genetic Factors in the Pathogenesis of Liver Diseases

Alterations of gut bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in late post-transplant period after liver transplantation

Gut Microbiome Composition and Its Metabolites Are a Key Regulating Factor for Malignant Transformation, Metastasis and Antitumor Immunity

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