Interactions between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts

Těšitel, Jakub; Plavcová, Lenka; Cameron, Duncan D.

doi:10.4161/psb.5.9.12563

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…This may also apply far beyond mycoheterotrophy, in the numerous other mixotrophic lineages. Among the so-called ''hemiparasitic'' plants, i.e., green parasitic plants that tap into the sap of other plants, mixotrophy turns out to be the rule (Teˇšitel et al 2010, Bell et al 2011). Yet, the evolution into pure heterotrophy (''holoparasitism'') occurred in a limited number of lineages only (Westwood et al 2010).…”

Section: Important Adaptations and Limitations For The Evolution Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 and Table 5). It also needs replicate studies of fitness and physiology in phylogenetically independent lineages that display albino variants, e.g., in parasitic plants, whose metabolism is currently attracting considerable interest (Teˇšitel et al 2010), and in easily tractable unicellular lineages, such as euglenids (Rosati et al 1996).…”

Section: Important Adaptations and Limitations For The Evolution Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ

Roy

Gonneau

Rocheteau

et al. 2013

Ecological Monographs

123

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Abstract. Some forest plants adapt to shade by mixotrophy, i.e., they obtain carbon both from photosynthesis and from their root mycorrhizal fungi. Fully achlorophyllous species using exclusively fungal carbon (the so-called mycoheterotrophic plants) have repeatedly evolved from such mixotrophic ancestors. However, adaptations for this evolutionary transition, and the reasons why it has happened a limited number of times, remain unknown. We investigated this using achlorophyllous variants (i.e., albinos) spontaneously occurring in Cephalanthera damasonium, a mixotrophic orchid. In two populations, we compared albinos with co-occurring green individuals in situ. We investigated vegetative traits, namely, shoot phenology, dormancy, CO 2 and H 2 O leaf exchange, mycorrhizal colonization, degree of mycoheterotrophy (using 13 C abundance as a proxy), and susceptibility to pathogens and herbivores. We monitored seed production (in natural or experimental crosses) and seed germination. Albinos displayed (1) more frequent shoot drying at fruiting, possibly due to stomatal dysfunctions, (2) lower basal metabolism, (3) increased sensitivity to pathogens and herbivores, (4) higher dormancy and maladapted sprouting, and, probably due to the previous differences, (5) fewer seeds, with lower germination capacity. Over the growing season, green shoots shifted from using fungal carbon to an increasingly efficient photosynthesis at time of fruiting, when fungal colonization reached its minimum. Conversely, the lack of photosynthesis in fruiting albinos may contribute to carbon limitation, and to the abovementioned trends. With a 10 3 3 fitness reduction, albinos failed a successful transition to mycoheterotrophy because some traits inherited from their green ancestors are maladaptive. Conversely, mycoheterotrophy requires at least degeneration of leaves and stomata, optimization of the temporal pattern of fungal colonization and shoot sprouting, and new defenses against pathogens and herbivores. Transition to mycoheterotrophy likely requires progressive, joint evolution of these traits, while a sudden loss of photosynthesis leads to unfit plants. We provide explanations for the evolutionary stability of mixotrophic nutrition and for the rarity of emergence of carbon sinks in mycorrhizal networks. More broadly, this may explain what prevents the emergence of fully heterotrophic taxa in the numerous other mixotrophic plant or algal lineages recently described.

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Section: Important Adaptations and Limitations For The Evolution Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Important Adaptations and Limitations For The Evolution Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ

Roy

Gonneau

Rocheteau

et al. 2013

Ecological Monographs

123

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“…An alternative possibility is that the presence of mistletoes introduces an additional level of heterogeneity in a forest canopy, since both the physiology and morphology of mistletoe leaves and stems differ from those of its host plant (Těšitel et al, 2010). Consequently, on the one hand, hostdwelling arthropods might not be able to use the parasite as a new resource because of strong biochemical differences, which could nevertheless be exploited by a different arthropod species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do the arthropod communities on a parasitic plant and its hosts differ?

Lázaro‐González¹,

Hódar²,

Zamora³

2017

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Parasitic plants growing on tree branches may be a novel niche and phytoresource for arthropods. The spatial continuity between hosts and their parasites in canopies might provide a homogeneous environment for arthropod communities, but differences in mistletoe leaves and host needles could be exploited by different species of arthropods. Therefore, it is important to determine insect-community assemblages in order to discover the role of parasitic plants as a different habitat for arthropods. Thus, we aim to evaluate the level of similarity between the arthropod community on mistletoe (Viscum album) and that on its two principal pine hosts, Black pine (Pinus nigra) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris), on a Mediterranean mountain. Our results reveal that, irrespective of the species of pine host, V. album has a stable, independent and simple arthropod trophic web, composed mainly of two specialist hemipteran herbivores, Cacopsylla visci (Psyllidae) and Pinalitus viscicola (Miridae), and a hemipteran predator, Anthocoris visci (Anthocoridae). Despite this, the composition of the arthropod communities differed signifi cantly on both host species, with a greater richness and diversity on Scots than Black pine and these differences are not refl ected in the community on mistletoe. Overall, we conclude that, although Viscum album is considered to be a pest of pine, its presence increases the heterogeneity of the forest canopy by providing a novel habitat for a new and specifi c community of arthropods. In addition, this is a new record for and most probably an extension of the southernmost limit of the known geographical distribution of the arthropod community inhabiting V. album.

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“…There are very few phloem elements in the haustorium, and they terminate well before the host-mistletoe interface (Buchleitner 1982). Therefore Loranthus is rather a photosynthetic mistletoe (Těšitel et al 2010) and is only water and nutrient parasite (Eliáš 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transpiration and stomatal conductance of mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus) and its host plant, downy oak (Quercus pubescens)

et al. 2012

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Sap flow rate was measured in the crown of a solitary specimen of downy oak (Quercus pubescens) infested by mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus). Five oak branches and two mistletoe plants were selected for analysis. The seasonal sum of transpired water expressed per leaf area unit was five times higher in the mistletoe than in the oak. In addition, the diurnal curves of sap flow were different between the plants. In the morning, the sap flow measured in the mistletoe lagged one hour behind the sap flow measured in an oak branch unencumbered by mistletoe. In contrast, no time lag was observed in the evening. The proportion of water transpired at night relative to the total transpiration was 7% in both species. The stomatal conductances derived from the inverted Penman-Monteith equation and their dependence on global radiation and the vapour pressure deficit (D) revealed that D exerts a different behaviour in stomatal control of transpiration in the mistletoe. We also determined that the concentration of calcium in the leaf mass could serve as a proxy for transpiration rate, however the relationship was not proportional.

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Interactions between hemiparasitic plants and their hosts

Cited by 63 publications

References 47 publications

Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ

Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ

Do the arthropod communities on a parasitic plant and its hosts differ?

Transpiration and stomatal conductance of mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus) and its host plant, downy oak (Quercus pubescens)

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