“…Ortu and colleagues, for example, found a relatively greater N400 effect given violations of more commonly used two-word expressions (stronger history of associative pairing) than less commonly used two-word expressions (relatively weaker history of associative pairing). Prior research shows that the development of equivalence relations among stimuli can influence the development of simpler analytic units (Vaidya & Brackney, 2014). Future studies should attempt to more precisely control the instantiation of associative and non-associative (e.g., equivalence) relations among stimuli to more precisely identify the conditions necessary and sufficient for the semantic-priming effect.…”