Interactions between egg parasitoids and predatory ants for the biocontrol of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys

Abstract

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys is an Asian species that has become a major agricultural pest in North America and Europe. Ants from the genus Crematogaster are predators of H. halys nymphs in Asia, as well as in the Mediterranean, where known native predators are still few. At the same time, ants usually do not harm H. halys eggs, which are the target of the main biological control agents, the scelionid parasitoids of the genus Trissolcus. However, ants, as generalist predators and territorial organisms, may kill or displace a variety of other insects, potentially interfering with parasitoids and biological control programmes. We conducted laboratory experiments to investigate the interactions between the Mediterranean ant Crematogaster scutellaris and the parasitoids T. japonicus and T. mitsukurii, evaluating the possibility that the ants could damage the parasitized eggs, attack the parasitoids during emergence or interfere with the egg‐laying behaviour of female parasitoids. Our results demonstrate that C. scutellaris is not able to damage parasitized eggs and is not aggressive towards adult parasitoids at any stage. The presence of ants can slow down the parasitization rate in T. mitsukurii females in the smallest laboratory setups; however, this has not been observed in a more natural setting. We suggest that ants may play a complementary role together with egg‐parasitoids in the control of H. halys without interfering with each other.

First use of unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor Halyomorpha halys and recognize it using artificial intelligence

“…Stink bugs were fed with fresh organic fruits (carrots, apples, tomatoes, green beans) and peanuts twice a week. In addition, wet cotton wicks were added to each cage as a water source 31,32 …”

“…In addition, wet cotton wicks were added to each cage as a water source. 31,32 2.4 Effects of UAV on H. halys behavior A field experiment to quantify the effects of drone use on H. halys behavior was conducted for all pre-imaginal instars (n = 40 for each instar from the first to fifth nymphal instar) and adult insects (males, n = 40; females, n = 40). Each insect (one nymph for stage) was placed on a pear tree at the end of a branch that was at least 30 cm long, at a height of 1 m above the ground and was allowed to settle for 1 min before the drone was positioned on hovering flight.…”