Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in Overwintering<i>Drosophila suzukii</i>(Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Stockton, Dara G.; Wallingford, Anna; Rendon, Dalila; Fanning, Philip D.; Green, Clarence K; Diepenbrock, Lauren M.; Ballman, Elissa; Walton, Vaughn M.; Isaacs, Rufus; Leach, Heather; Sial, Ashfaq A; Drummond, Francis A.; Burrack, Hannah J.; Loeb, Gregory M.

doi:10.1093/ee/nvy192

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Although the extent to which resource opportunism in D. suzukii occurs in nature remains unclear without additional field data, the potential for this feeding strategy appears maintained in this species given its propensity for maternal acceptance of novel non-fruit hosts, and the successful development of larvae on those substrates. Our working model suggests that because D. suzukii feed throughout the quiescent period (Rendon et al, 2018;Stockton et al, 2018Stockton et al, , 2019, plasticity in resource use may allow overwintering individuals to access otherwise unavailable resources. Subsequently, we have hypothesised that in the spring, and prior to the onset of wild and cultivated fruit, other less preferred resources may allow females to begin early egg production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not berry hungry? Discovering the hidden food sources of a small fruit specialist, Drosophila suzukii

Stockton

Brown

Loeb

2019

Ecological Entomology

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1. Although polyphagy is widespread among Drosophila, some specialist species have evolved in response to resource competition and other selection factors favouring niche separation. The small fruit specialist Drosophila suzukii Matsumura has evolved a unique serrated ovipositor that allows it to access ripening fruit, a niche unavailable to most Drosophila. However, it is unclear whether ancestral traits (the use of non‐fruit resources) are maintained in this specialist species. 2. In this study, maternal preferences and offspring fitness in response to novel apple, mushroom, and bird manure‐based diets were investigated by comparing oviposition and offspring survival and development on various diets. The effect of those diets on survival at cool temperatures and the effect of natal environment/previous exposure on adult preferences were evaluated. 3. Female D. suzukii accepted non‐fruit diets such as mushroom and bird manure, and offspring completed their larval development on all diets tested. However, D. suzukii did not perform well on diets that included bird manure. By contrast, combinational apple/mushroom diets were associated with greater oviposition, lower mortality, faster development, and larger offspring than other diets. These diets were also associated with increased resistance to cold stress, and preference for these diets was positively affected by previous feeding experience. 4. These data suggest that D. suzukii may use non‐fruit resources when preferred resources are scarce. Given that this pest is adapted to temperate climates, alternative resources might provide seasonal nutritional support when fruit resources are not temporally available, although field data are needed to support this hypothesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not berry hungry? Discovering the hidden food sources of a small fruit specialist, Drosophila suzukii

Stockton

Brown

Loeb

2019

Ecological Entomology

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“…Current methods for differentiating winter and summer morphs have focused primarily on melanization changes that occur during autumn at northern latitudes or temperate regions [41,44]. When rearing different morphs in the lab, Shearer et al [25] noted that winter morph males and females had a continuous dark pigmentation on the third and fourth abdominal segment, respectively, that was completely filled.…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, research describes the reproductive status and ovary maturity levels of D. suzukii in temperate regions shows that reproduction ceases, or is greatly reduced in cooler months [33,[38][39][40]. Given these results, and in most temperate regions of the U.S., it is generally assumed that D. suzukii overwinters as an adult winter morph [41][42][43]. There is a paucity of research investigating the phenology or abundance of winter morphs in the field, particularly in the extreme northern range of the distribution, perhaps due to the difficulty of differentiating winter and summer morphs.Current methods for differentiating winter and summer morphs have focused primarily on melanization changes that occur during autumn at northern latitudes or temperate regions [41,44].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Given these results, and in most temperate regions of the U.S., it is generally assumed that D. suzukii overwinters as an adult winter morph [41][42][43]. There is a paucity of research investigating the phenology or abundance of winter morphs in the field, particularly in the extreme northern range of the distribution, perhaps due to the difficulty of differentiating winter and summer morphs.Current methods for differentiating winter and summer morphs have focused primarily on melanization changes that occur during autumn at northern latitudes or temperate regions [41,44]. When rearing different morphs in the lab, Shearer et al [25] noted that winter morph males and females had a continuous dark pigmentation on the third and fourth abdominal segment, respectively, that was completely filled.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Morphometric criteria to differentiate Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) seasonal morphs

2020

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Temperate insect species often enter diapause in preparation for overwintering. One such species is the invasive vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), which has seasonal polymorphisms, considered winter and summer morphs. To date, the morphs have been differentiated by color and size with winter morphs typically being darker and larger compared to summer morphs. 'Dark' and 'large' are subjective, however, and standardizing an identification process can ensure that the morph of interest is being accurately characterized. The goal of our research was to investigate a quantitative method to distinguish between D. suzukii morphs based on body and wing size. We reared winter and summer morph D. suzukii in the laboratory using standard procedures, and measured wing length, wing width, and hind tibia length. Additionally, we collected field D. suzukii to document the seasonal phenology of the morphs in Minnesota based on our model's cutoff criteria. A classification and regression tree analysis were used to determine which metrics would be best for predicting field-caught D. suzukii morphs. Using laboratory-reared flies as our known morphs for the training data in the classification model we developed classification trees based on wing length and the ratio of wing length to hind tibia length. The frequency of winter and summer morphs present in the field varied based on which classification tree was used. Nevertheless, we suggest ratio of wing length to hind tibia length as the most robust criteria for differentiating D. suzukii morphs because the ratio accounts for the size variability between laboratory-reared and field-caught flies and the error rate of misclassification is reduced to 0.01 for males. The results from this work can aid in future D. suzukii research by allowing scientists to objectively differentiate the morphs, and thereby improve our understanding of the biology and phenology of seasonal morph dynamics. OPEN ACCESSCitation: Tran AK, Hutchison WD, Asplen MK (2020) Morphometric criteria to differentiate Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) seasonal morphs. PLoS ONE 15(2): e0228780. ) through the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resource Trust Fund. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. in cooler temperatures by entering a diapause state [1]. Within the diapause state, reduced metabolism and biochemical alterations affect the insect's biology, behavior, and morphogenesis [1].One such diapausing species that exhibits this phenomenon is the vinegar fly, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), commonly known as spotted-wing drosophila. Native to east and southeast Asia, D. suzukii is an important economic pest of soft-skinned fruits (e.g., strawberries, raspberries, blueberries) and stone fruits (e.g. cherries, peach) [2][3][4][5][6]. Drosophila suzukii invaded the continental United States in 2008 and rapidly spread throughout the country [7], and has quickly become a global pest [2,8]. Given its recent global s...

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“…It now persists in temperate berry and cherry producing regions of North America, South America, and Europe (Bolda et al 2010, Dreves et al 2011, Goodhue et al 2011, Farnsworth et al 2017). Drosophila suzukii are generally believed to overwinter as adults in leaf litter that provides protection from extreme winter temperatures (Wallingford et al 2016, Rendon et al 2018, Stockton et al 2019). Kanzawa (1939) noted seasonal polymorphism among D. suzukii in cold regions, observing darker body color in the late summer and early winter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Stage-Specific and Seasonal Induction of the Overwintering Morph of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Leach

Stone

Timmeren

et al. 2019

Journal of Insect Science

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Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is currently a major pest management challenge in berry and cherry production. This species has a winter morph phenotype with longer wings and increased melanization associated with survival in colder conditions. Measurements of wing morphology in Michigan D. suzukii collected during 2016 and 2017 showed that induction of this morph began in September and increased into December, correlated with decreasing temperature and day length. Importantly, we found that wing length increases along a continuous scale and there is overlap between the two morph types. We tested whether temperature or photoperiod elicited this phenotypic change using a factorial design with each preadult lifestage held at 10 or 25°C and 16:8 or 8:16 L:D. Our results support temperature as the main driver of transition to the winter morph for all immature stages. Comparing the reproductive capacity of winter morph flies in cold conditions and when previously acclimated to warm conditions, flies with the acclimation experience laid comparable numbers of eggs as the summer morphs at 25°C, indicating that winter morphs can reproduce after surviving cold periods. These results highlight the ability of D. suzukii to adapt to changing temperature conditions, allowing it to survive cold and also exploit warmer periods to build populations when conditions allow.

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Interactions Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors Affect Survival in OverwinteringDrosophila suzukii(Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Cited by 40 publications

References 63 publications

Not berry hungry? Discovering the hidden food sources of a small fruit specialist, Drosophila suzukii

Not berry hungry? Discovering the hidden food sources of a small fruit specialist, Drosophila suzukii

Morphometric criteria to differentiate Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) seasonal morphs

Stage-Specific and Seasonal Induction of the Overwintering Morph of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

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