Interactions at the cofired interface of Ag/Pd electrode and lead-based ferroelectrics

Cao, Jiang; Li, Long Tu; Gui, Zhi Lun

doi:10.1016/s0921-5107(02)00512-3

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Cofiring ferroelectric materials with electrodes as multilayers have long been the method of choice for developing actuators. Naturally cofiring ceramics with its metallization has its own set of problems, namely the possibility of metallization material diffusing into the ceramic and constituting secondary phases, leading to delamination or changing the electrical properties of the ceramic 18 . This problem is recognized in silver–palladium alloys used widely in high‐firing electroceramics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemical Interaction of Silver–Palladium Alloy Electrodes with Bismuth‐Based Piezomaterials

Schuetz

Krauss

Albering

et al. 2010

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

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Multilayer technology relies heavily on the chemical compatibility of metal and ceramic. This work focuses on the ceramic–electrode interaction between 92Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–6 BaTiO3–2K0.5Na0.5NbO3 [(Bi0.46Na0.47Ba0.06K0.01)(Nb0.02Ti0.98)O3], a promising actuator material and forerunner to an emerging class of lead‐free actuator materials, and a silver–palladium alloy for inner electrodes, the only currently viable material for the firing temperatures necessary (1100°C). Of special concern was the high content of bismuth in the ceramic since prior investigations suggest that Bi2O3 (as well as various bismuth titanates) used as a fluxor in electroceramics are prone to forming the intermediate‐phase bismuth palladate (Bi2PdO4), which can lead to poor contacting and delamination of multilayer stacks. Remarkably, no evidence of bismuth palladate formation could be found. However, the phase relations of the bulk ceramic have proven to be quite complex. Potassium was being drained out of the bulk ceramic either constituting the secondary phase K4Na2(TiO3)3 in unmodified experiments or evaporating and being replaced by silver in samples in contact with Ag. Mechanisms for the formation of these phases or the lack thereof are proposed. These findings were obtained by XRD, TG‐DSC, and SEM with EDX, and LA‐ICPMS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%