Interactions and Survival of Enteric Viruses in Soil Materials

Abstract

MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil materials. Eight widely different soil materials were used, and their characteristics are summarized in Table 1. In addition, organic matter content, as determined by ignition tests, was 80.1% for Ponzer and <1% for the other seven soil materials. Viruses. The viruses used in this study were poliovirus type 1, strain LSc, and reovirus type 3, strain Dearing. Virus growth, preparation, and assay procedures are described elsewhere (22). Samples for virus assay were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline containing 2% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum and antibiotics (400 U of penicillin, 400 jig of streptomycin, and 200 ,g of kanamycin per ml). Wastewater. All experiments were done with set-92

Survival of surrogate coronaviruses in water

“…The lack of pH effect on virus survival is consistent with previous studies (Yates et al, 1985). Chemical constituents found in sewage may have antiviral activity (Sobsey et al, 1980), and previous investigations have found that virus survival in water is influenced by high molecular weight dissolved matter (Noble and Fuhrman, 1997), which is present at higher concentrations in sewage.…”

Natural persistence of food- and waterborne viruses

“…Virus survival is likely to be highest in types of soil that would be most effective in preventing ground water contamination. The study of Sobsey et al . ( 1980 ) compared the interactions of different soil materials and two different virus types (poliovirus type 1 and reovirus type 3).…”

“…( 1979 ), who found that adsorption varies with virus type and even strain. Generally, clay materials effi ciently adsorbed viruses from waste water over a range of pH values, while sands and organic soil materials were poorer adsorbents; their ability to adsorb viruses increased only at low pHs together with the addition of total dissolved solids or divalent ions (Sobsey et al ., 1980 ). A further study confi rmed that the presence of clay mineral enhances the persistence of viruses (Vettori et al ., 2000 ).…”

“…A further study confi rmed that the presence of clay mineral enhances the persistence of viruses (Vettori et al ., 2000 ). Sobsey et al . ( 1980 ) also reported that even under unsaturated conditions viruses could still be washed from sandy soil and were able to contaminate water sources during heavy rainfall.…”

Pathogen Removal from Wastewater during Groundwater Recharge

“…Soils having a saturated pH less than 5 were the best adsorbers. Studies by Sobsey et al [34] showed that poliovirus type 1 and reovirus type 3 adsorp tion to eight different soil materials suspended in settled sewage at pH levels between 3.5 and 7.5 was generally greater at the lower pH levels. In studies by Duboise et al [40] with cores of sandy forest soil receiving poliovirus in sewage effluent at various pH levels between 5.5 and 9.0, virus retention was best at pH 5.5, and the release and migration of retained viruses by subsequent distilled water applications was lower from the cores that re ceived sewage effluent having lower pH values.…”