Interactions among dietary minerals, arginine and lysine in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract

Studies were conducted to determine whether interactions occur among dietary lysine, arginine and monovalent minerals in rainbow trout. In one experiment, rainbow trout fingerlings were fed diets containing three levels of lysine (2.4, 3.1 and 3.8 g per 100 g diet), two levels of arginine (1.7 and 2.5 g per 100 g diet) and two mixtures of Na(+) K(+) and Cl in a 3×2×2 factorial design. The mixtures varied in the proportions of cations to anions such that Cl equalled the sum of Na(+) and K(+) (cations - anions = 0 mEq/kg diet) in one mixture and exceeded the sum of Na(+) and K(+) (cations - anions = -200 mEq/kg diet) in the second mixture. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were not affected by dietary lysine and arginine in fish fed diets containing - 200 mEq/kg balance, but when fish were fed diets containing a 0 mEq/kg balance, 3.8% lysine and a combination of 3.1% lysine and 2.5% arginine depressed both measures of response. Trout receiving the 0 mEq/kg cation-anion balance had significantly higher free histidine concentrations and lower free lysine concentrations in muscle and higher hepatic arginase activity (P≤0.01) than those receiving -200 mEq/kg. In another experiment, trout were fed diets containing three levels of K(+) (21, 191 and 360 mEq/kg), two levels of Na(+) (21 and 191 mEq/kg) and two levels of Cl(-) (179 and 347 mEq/kg) in a 3×2×2 factorial design. Growth and efficiency of feed conversion were depressed and hepatosomatic index increased with higher levels of dietary K(+) (P≤0.01), Na(+) (P≤0.05) and Cl (P≤0.01), with significant K(+) x Cl(+) (P≤0.01) and K(+) x Na(+) x Cl (P≤0.05) interactions. Increasing dietary K(+) resulted in increased levels of muscle free histidine and decreased levels of muscle free lysine and arginine (P≤0.01), while increasing dietary Cl increased muscle free lysine, the effect of which was dependent on dietary potassium (K(+) x Cl(-), P≤0.01). It is concluded that dietary levels of K(+), Na(+) and Cl(-), irrespective of overall cation-anion balance of these minerals, affects growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization and the metabolism of basic amino acids in tissues of trout. Excess lysine causes depressed growth and efficiency of feed utilization. These effects were due to a lysine toxicity rather than a lysine-arginine antagonism, as they were not prevented by supplemental dietary arginine.

The interactive effects of protein quality and macronutrient imbalance on nutrient balancing in an insect herbivore

“…How poor protein quality reduced herbivore feeding remains to be elucidated but there is the possibility that mechanisms, such as associatively learned aversion in combination with direct nutrient feedback on taste sensitivity, are involved (Simpson and Raubenheimer, 1993b;Simpson and Raubenheimer, 2000). Reduced rate of ingestion of food deficient in essential amino acids has been reported in vertebrates (Gietzen et al, 1986;Chui et al, 1987). It has been proposed that low nutritive quality of plants is one possible measure offering resistance against herbivory (Feeney, 1976;Moran and Hamilton, 1980;Augner, 1995;Berenbaum, 1995), although few studies have tested this possibility experimentally.…”

Changes in amino acid composition in the tissues of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) as a consequence of dietary L-carnitine supplements

“…2000). Amino acid imbalances are known to induce a low food intake, growth depression and poor food conversion (Chiu et al. 1987).…”

Effects of feeding Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) imbalanced levels of lysine and arginine

“…1969). The lysine–arginine antagonism may be affected by dietary electrolytes because of their major role in maintaining osmotic pressure, electrochemical gradients and acid–base balance (Chiu et al . 1987; Chiu et al .…”