Interaction Studies of ACE Inhibitors with Statins

Abstract

Hypercholesterolemia 204 tissue distribution. All ACE inhibitors have a similar antihypertensive efficacy -they effectively block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin II -and all have similar therapeutic indications, adverse effect profiles and contraindications. Mechanism of actionThese inhibitors block the converting enzyme of angiotensin, which is responsible for cleavage from angiotensin I, which is decapeptide, to angiotensin II, which is octapeptide [17,18], and lower the BP by reducing PVR (peripheral vascular resistance). They also decrease aldosterone secretion and the resulting sodium and water retention. PharmacokineticsThe oral bioavailability of ACE inhibitors ranges from 13% to 95% [19,20]. Most ACE inhibitors are administered as pro-drugs that remain inactive until esterified in the liver [21]. Pharmakokinetic characteristics of different ACE inhibitors are given in Therapeutic useACE inhibitors are effective in patients with mild to moderately severe hypertension, normal or low plasma renin activity, collagen vascular disease and cardiovascular disease [22,23]. They are also used in the prevention and treatment of myocardial infarction [24,25] and in the management of cardiac arrhythmias [26]. They can decrease the progression of atherosclerosis, microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy, and produce a beneficial effect in patients with Bartter's syndrome [27]. Adverse effectsACE inhibitors have a relatively low incidence of side effects and are well tolerated; however, dry cough is common, appearing in 10-30% of patients. This appears to be related to the elevation in bradykinin [28][29][30]. Hypotension is seen especially in patients with heart failure [31], angiooedema (life-threatening airway swelling and obstruction; 0.1-0.2% of patients) and hyperkalaemia. ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnancy, in the first trimester associated with a risk of major congenital malformations, particularly affecting the cardiovascular and central nervous systems [32]. The most common (≥1% of patients) adverse effects HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are the most effective among all hypolipidaemic agents [50]. These lipid-lowering drugs are increasingly used for primary and secondary hindrance of cardiovascular disease [51]; they have only been recognized for treatment of hyperlipidaemia. In clinical studies, statins are highly effective in enhancing HDL levels while reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and triglyceride levels.The normal treatment regimen for these drugs involves daily exposure over a period of many years [52,53]. They have also been examined in combination with cures of multiple sclerosis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease and dropping the superfluous increased occurrence in CHD in women on HRT treatment [54]. They have anti-thrombogenic, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties [55,56]. These therapeutic properties are independent of lipid lowering [57], an...

Interaction Studies of ACE Inhibitors with Antidiabetic Drugs

“…Hans Brunner and John Laragh [6] administered it to hypertensive patients and showed that it was extremely effective in lowering blood pressure. The structural requirements for substrates of angiotensin converting enzyme to cleave a substrate are found similar to those observed with carboxypeptidase A of bovine pancrease [7,8]. The substrate specificity and other properties of angiotensin converting enzyme suggested that it was a zinc metallopeptidase, similar in mechanism to carboxypeptidase A, an enzyme whose active site had been well characterized by x-ray crystallography and other methods [9].…”

Study of the dissolution kinetics of drugs in solid dosage form with lisinopril and atorvastatin and intestinal permeability to assess their equivalence in vitro

“…Atorvastatin and lisinopril are a successful combination for the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure and hypertension (Naveed 2015;GoodRx undated). Analytical methods of analysis (Leis et al 1998(Leis et al , 1999El Gindy et al 2001;Andreas et al 2003;El-Emam et al 2004;Beasley et al 2005;Rahman et al 2005aRahman et al , 2005bHuang et al 2006;Stanisz and Kania 2006;Chaudhari et al 2007;Ivanovic et al 2007;Shah et al 2007;Basavaiah et al 2009;Chauhan et al 2011;Jamakhandi et al 2011;Sultana et al 2011;Kumar et al 2012;Naveed et al 2012;Arayne et al 2013;Hafez et al 2014;Lakshmi and Sreedevi 2014;Sathiyasundar and Valliappan 2014;Sbârcea et al 2014;Shulyak et al 2021aShulyak et al , 2021bShulyak et al , 2021c have been developed for the determination of atorvastatin and lisinopril in medicines and biological liquids.…”