Interaction of periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement—an in vitro and in vivo study

Abstract

Objectives The aim of this in vitro and in vivo study was to investigate the interaction of periodontitis and orthodontic tooth movement on interleukin (IL)-6 and C-X-C motif chemokine 2 (CXCL2). Materials and methods The effect of periodontitis and/or orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) on alveolar bone and gingival IL-6 and CXCL2 expressions was studied in rats by histology and RT-PCR, respectively. The animals were assigned to four groups (control, periodontitis, OTM, and combination of periodontitis and OTM). The IL-6 and CXCL2 levels were also studied in human gingival biopsies from periodontally healthy and periodontitis subjects by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, the synthesis of IL-6 and CXCL2 in response to the periodontopathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum and/or mechanical strain was studied in periodontal fibroblasts by RT-PCR and ELISA. Results Periodontitis caused an increase in gingival levels of IL-6 and CXCL2 in the animal model. Moreover, orthodontic tooth movement further enhanced the bacteria-induced periodontal destruction and gingival IL-6 gene expression. Elevated IL-6 and CXCL2 gingival levels were also found in human periodontitis. Furthermore, mechanical strain increased the stimulatory effect of F. nucleatum on IL-6 protein in vitro. Conclusions Our study suggests that orthodontic tooth movement can enhance bacteria-induced periodontal inflammation and thus destruction and that IL-6 may play a pivotal role in this process. Clinical relevance Orthodontic tooth movement should only be performed after periodontal therapy. In case of periodontitis relapse, orthodontic therapy should be suspended until the periodontal inflammation has been successfully treated and thus the periodontal disease is controlled again.

Autophagy Induces Expression of IL-6 in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Under Mechanical Load and Overload and Effects Osteoclastogenesis in vitro

“…Using our in vivo experimental setup to simulate physiological pressure and overload on hPDL fibroblasts during OTM, we were able to demonstrate that after both 16 and 24 h of cell stimulation, a significant increase in IL-6 expression occurred at both magnitudes of mechanical stimulation. Tension on the other hand had no significant effect on IL-6 levels, as demonstrated earlier (Rath-Deschner et al, 2021). Thus, our results suggest that the mode of mechanical stimulation rather than stimulation intensity influences the expression of this cytokine in hPDL fibroblasts.…”

“…Our research group has previously shown that inducing OTM using a 25 gram nickeltitanium coil, over a period of 3 days, resulted in an increased expression of IL-6 in rats. However, this upregulation was not found to be statistically significant (Rath-Deschner et al, 2021). A significant increase in IL-6 expression was shown in OTM experiments with mice using higher force intensities (Mo and Hua, 2018).…”

Influence of probiotics on the periodontium, the oral microbiota and the immune response during orthodontic treatment in adolescent and adult patients (ProMB Trial): study protocol for a prospective, double-blind, controlled, randomized clinical trial

“…Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances induces an aseptic pseudo-inflammatory response [ 19 , 20 ]. An increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines correlates with periodontal destruction [ 22 – 27 ] and orthodontic treatment can reinforce dysbiotic inflammatory periodontal disease with IL-6 playing a key role [ 119 ]. Probiotics seem to induce immunomodulatory effects by (i) strengthening the innate immune response, (ii) promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and by (iii) inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines [ 40 – 44 ] 117 105 , 120 .…”

Effect of Bacterial Infection on Ghrelin Receptor Regulation in Periodontal Cells and Tissues

“…A total of three sections was selected from each tooth from four animals in each group. The area of unmineralized tissue in the furcation region was determined by histomorphometric analysis as previously described [ 53 ]. A ROI comprised of a 1000-μm zone under the furcation roof of the maxillary first molar was studied.…”