Interaction of parasitism and nutrition and their effects on production and clinical parameters in goats

Blackburn, Harvey D.; Rocha, J. L.; Figueiredo, E.P.; Berne, M. E. A.; Vieira, L. S.; Cavalcante, Antônio Ramos; Rosa, J. Santa

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(91)90086-b

Cited by 51 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In contrast, there are few studies on goats and they provide equivocal results. Blackburn et al [2,3] did not observe any effect of protein supplementation on the worm burdens in young meat producing goats infected with H. contortus. In contrast, in growing goats parasitised with T. colubriformis, Singh et al [23] showed a reduction in FEC and worm burdens in animals receiving a supplemented diet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Indeed Bown et al [4] showed that gastrointestinal nematode infections induce protein losses rather than energy deficiency. However, there are very few studies in this field on goats and their results are equivocal: in growing goats, Blackburn et al [2,3] recorded an improvement in resilience with protein supplementation but no effect on resistance whereas Singh et al [23] reported an enhancement of both resistance and resilience using a diet with cottonseed meal supplementation (reduction of faecal egg count and worm burden and no detrimental effect of parasitism on live-weight gain in young goats). It is worth underlining that these studies were performed with young, growing goats and that in fact, no studies have examined the influence of protein supplementation in dairy goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of two levels of dietary protein on resistance and resilience of dairy goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: comparison between high and low producers

et al. 2000

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-Numerous studies have examined the interactions between protein nutrition and the response to nematode parasitism in sheep, but very few in goats. Compared with other ruminants, goats are less resistant to nematode infection. In addition, in dairy goats, high producing animals have been shown to be less resistant and less resilient to infection compared to low producing ones. The objective of the present study was to examine the consequences of protein supplementation on both resistance and resilience of dairy goats to nematode trickle infection, taking into account the initial level of milk production of the animals. During a 14-week period, 40 milking goats received a high protein (HP) diet supplying 130% of the protein requirements, and 38 goats were fed a intermediate protein (IP) diet (120% of the protein requirements). In addition, half of each group was given a weekly trickle infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae, the other part of the flock remained non-infected. Faecal egg counts (FEC), eosinophil counts and pathophysiological data (urea, albumin and inorganic phosphate concentrations in the serum) were measured twice a month. Milk production data (milk yield, protein and fat contents) were also recorded every 15 days. The results showed that FECs were lower (p < 0.05) and eosinophil counts higher (p < 0.05) in the animals receiving the HP diet suggesting that resistance was enhanced by protein supplementation. Meanwhile, milk parameters (related to resilience) were not affected by the level of protein in the diet when considering the whole groups. In contrast, in the high producing goats, the milk production and milk composition parameters were improved with the HP diet. To conclude, we have seen that the expression Vet. Res. 31 (2000) 247-258 247

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of two levels of dietary protein on resistance and resilience of dairy goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: comparison between high and low producers

et al. 2000

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“…The influence of parasites on host fitness may be subtle rather than obvious, or more likely interact with other factors that create pathological conditions for the host. For example, infection by nematodes or ectoparasites may accelerate malnutrition of the host or, conversely, sublethal nutrition-related conditions may in turn promote parasite infection in the host (Blackburn et al, 1991;Murray et al, 1997;Merino and Potti, 1998;Koski and Scott, 2001). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogen Dynamics and Morbidity of Striped Skunks in the Absence of Rabies

Gehrt

Kinsel

Anchor

2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Parasites have the potential to influence the population dynamics of mammalian hosts, either as a single devastating pathogen or as a community effect. Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are typically host to rabies, which often regulates population numbers. We assessed micro-and macroparasite dynamics in striped skunk populations in the absence of rabies, to determine if a single pathogen, or community, was responsible for a majority of skunk deaths. We monitored mortality due to pathogens, and prevalence of pathogens via serology and necropsy, in two populations of striped skunks in northern Illinois during 1998-2004. Transmissible pathogens requiring direct transmission (i.e., canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus) exhibited high annual variability in prevalence. In contrast, those pathogens employing a more indirect, environmental route of transmission (i.e., Leptospira interrogans and Toxoplasma gondii) appeared to exhibit relatively less annual variability in prevalence. Skunks were diagnosed with infections from an average of 4.08 (SD52.52, n532) species of endoparasites, with a range of 1-11. Macroparasite prevalence and intensity did not vary among seasons, or sex or age of host. Severe infections occurred with multiple parasite species, and patterns of aggregation suggested some parasite species, or more likely the parasite community, act as a limiting mechanism in skunk populations.

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“…With regards to plane of nutrition, the first indoor trials were performed by Blackburn et al, (1991;1992) that investigated the interactions between planes of nutrition (roughage, and 100 g mixture of corn (80%) and soybean (20%)) and H. contortus. These authors reported a significant difference in the live-weight of goats fed different nutrition levels, and goats given a low plane of nutrition tended to carry more worms and have higher establishment rates than that of their counterparts.…”

Section: Under Confined Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, pen studies with goats have failed to identify an effect of protein supplementation against GIN infection. Blackburn et al, (1991;1992) reported goats given a low plane of nutrition tended to carry more worms and have lower bodyweights than cohorts on a high plane of nutrition (Blackburn et al, 1991;1992), the contribution of energy and protein supplementation were not clarified. Additionally, they failed to find in goats the effect of a higher plane of nutrition on FEC.…”

Section: Chapter 1: General Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary protein supplementation and plane of nutrition on the resistance and the resilience of Boer goats against artificial Haemonchus contortus infection under confined conditions

Can¹

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The effects of protein and/ or energy supplementation have been well studied in sheep. However, the few pen studies conducted with goats have failed to identify the role of protein supplementation and combinations with energy supplements against H. contortus infection.The general objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of protein supplementation and plane of nutrition on resistance and resilience of Boer goats to infection from Haemonchus contortus. To achieve this the first experiment was designed to determine the appropriate amount of additional dietary protein (by having three groups of mature goats effectively fed three different levels of dietary protein) required by nematode free animals given a single relatively high dose of infective H. contortus larvae, to not become infected or at least develop resistance and/or resilience. It was assumed, based on the scientific literature, that a single relatively high dose of infective larvae would elicit strong pathogenic effects where additional dietary protein would give some assistance to the does with their defense to Haemonchus. As often is the case with research on goats the results were not unequivocally clear.Based on these results it was clear that a single dose of infective larvae was insufficient to become established and that these animals had already developed some level of immune response and thus it was assumed, again based on the scientific literature, to elicit strong pathogenic effects the animals tested needed to be younger (more naïve to Haemonchus) and with greater i.e. continued exposure to infective larvae as would happen under grazing conditions (trickle infection) such that different quantities of dietary protein would give these animals different responses to infection by Haemonchus. Again the responses by the goats only indicated subtle differences in immune responses against trickle H. contortus L3 infection. These results, again unexpected, indicated that level of intake (or more specifically plane of nutrition, prior to or during exposure) may be at least as important as protein supplementation in reasonably well fed animals; and or that the method of infection (oral drenching with L3 larvae) was possibly an unreliable method of infection requiring a more consistent method of infection. As such the third experiment involved nematode free mature animals (the only animals available at that time) fed on very different planes of nutrition preceding and during the experiment given relatively high trickle doses of H. contortus larvae via intra-ruminal infection.Overlaid across these experiments were constraints imposed on the amount of infective L3 larvae used to achieve infection; 100 L3 larvae per kg live-weight as a single dose was the maximum initially approved by the University Animal Ethics committee, as they had concerns about animals dying, they also stipulated the use of oral drenching for infective larvae. It was only after these methods failed ii to elicit a strong response was approval given by the Univers...

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Interaction of parasitism and nutrition and their effects on production and clinical parameters in goats

Cited by 51 publications

References 23 publications

The effect of two levels of dietary protein on resistance and resilience of dairy goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: comparison between high and low producers

The effect of two levels of dietary protein on resistance and resilience of dairy goats experimentally infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis: comparison between high and low producers

Pathogen Dynamics and Morbidity of Striped Skunks in the Absence of Rabies

Effects of dietary protein supplementation and plane of nutrition on the resistance and the resilience of Boer goats against artificial Haemonchus contortus infection under confined conditions

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