Interaction of norepinephrine with cerebrocortical activity evoked by stimulation of somatosensory afferent pathways in the rat☆

Waterhouse, Barry D.; Woodward, Donald J.

doi:10.1016/0014-4886(80)90159-4

Cited by 303 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…but like that of NE (Cedarbaum and Aghajanian, 1978;Waterhouse and Woodward, 1980;Aston Jones, 1985) it appears to involve the modulation of the activity of other transmitters, at least to some degree. Under essentially resting conditions, it may be necessary to challenge the overall system before general functional effects can be demonstrated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Effect of p-Chlorophenylalanine on Cerebral Metabolism and Biogenic Amine Content of Traumatized Brain

Pappius

Dadoun

McHugh

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Summary: It was shown previously that focal cortical freezing lesions in rats cause widespread decrease in local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in cortical areas of the lesioned hemisphere. This was interpreted as reflecting a depression of cortical activity. It was then demonstrated that cortical serotonin (5-HT) metabolism was increased throughout the lesioned hemisphere of a focally injured brain. To find out if the changes in the serotonergic system are of functional importance and me diate the observed changes in LCG U, the effects of the inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCP A) on cerebral metabolism and biogenic amine con tent in injured brain were studied. PCPA in doses up to 300 mg/kg had little, if any, effect on LCG U in intact brain and in doses up to 100 mg/kg did not modify the depressed LCGU in injured brain. In doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg, PCP A selectively increased cortical glucose utilization in the lesioned hemisphere where it was de pressed following injury. PCPA decreased 5-HT levels in U sing focal cortical freezing in the rat as a model of cerebral injury and the deoxyglucose (DG) method as developed and described by Sokoloff et al. (1977) to assess the functional state of trauma tized brain, earlier studies (Pappius, 1981) showed that a widespread, but not uniformly distributed, depression of local cerebral glucose utilization Abbreviations used: DG, deoxyglucose; DHBA, dihydroxy benzylamine; 5-HIAA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HT, sero tonin; LCGU, local cerebral glucose utilization; NE, norepi nephrine; PCPA, p-chlorophenylalanine . 324the cortical and raphe areas of both intact and injured brain in a dose-dependent manner. However, at doses of PCPA ineffective on LCGU (50 and 100 mg/kg), traumati zation still resulted in increased 5-HT metabolism. Doses of PCPA that ameliorated the depression of LCGU in in jured brain completely prevented increases in both 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid seen fol lowing traumatization in untreated animals. These results provide evidence that decreased LCGU in lesioned brain is due to an activation of the serotonergic system by trau matization. The data are in agreement with the postulated inhibitory role of serotonin in the cortex and its involve ment in functional alterations associated with injury. They suggest that blockage of this neurotransmitter system may have a potential in the development of novel therapeutic approaches to brain injury. Key Words: Brain injury-p-Chlorophenylalanine-Local cerebral glucose utilization -Norepinephrine -Serotonin.(LCGU ) developed with time after lesioning. The effects were not related to the location of the le sion, which was regularly placed in the parietal cortex, but could be made more frontally or cau dally with the same results (Colle et aI., 1986). The most severe metabolic depression occurred in all the cortical regions of the lesioned hemisphere were 3 days after the lesion LCGU was -50% of normal from frontal to visual cortex (Pappius, 198 1). Thus, the ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

The Effect of p-Chlorophenylalanine on Cerebral Metabolism and Biogenic Amine Content of Traumatized Brain

Pappius

Dadoun

McHugh

1988

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…Analogous data have accrued from studies of somatosensory cortex (Waterhouse & Woodward, 1980) and visual cortex (Kasamatsu & Heggelund, 1982). Thus, the effect ofNA applied to the neocortex extends over at least three sensory modalities and seems to enhance responses to stimuli conveyed to the specific cortical region by direct thalamic sensory projections.…”

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confidence: 63%

Functional hypotheses of the coeruleocortical noradrenergic projection: A review of recent experimentation and theory

et al. 1985

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The behavioral function of the coeruleocortical system and the hypotheses implicating its role in mediating selective attention and behavioral inhibition to anxiogenic cues are evaluated. The diverse pattern of results produced by lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine on a variety of tasks (appetitive conditional discrimination, nonreversal shift, blocking, latent inhibition, distraction, taste aversion, neophobia, and conditioned emotional response) are integrated to achieve a tentative hypothesis of coeruleocortical noradrenergic function.There has been enormous interest in the functions of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) and its projections to the cortex via the dorsal noradrenergic bundle (DNAB) from several neurobiological perspectives. Although the nature of the afferents to the LC and the precise organization of the DNAB are still a matter for debate, it is perhaps of some functional significance that a single cell body can give rise to both ascending and descending axons innervating regions as diverse as the neocortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and spinal cord. These peculiar features of organization suggest, for want of a better term, a rather "general" function whereby messages relayed to at least a proportion of noradrenergic (NA) cell bodies would result in the transmission of information to widespread regions, thereby influencing the special forms of processing occurring there.Although such general considerations imply rather nonspecific functions for the LC, we should like to avoid the temptation of assuming simply that this implies a role in nonspecific processes along the lines of the maintenance of cortical arousal by the reticular formation suggested originally by Hebb, Lindsley, and others. Recent neu-

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“…This conditioned response, elicited during the reminder period, may include an increase in norepinephrine activity (such a conditioned NE response to environmental cues previously associated with footshock has recently been demonstrated by Cassens, Roffman, Kurac, Orsulak, & Schildkraut, 1980). Several lines of research have suggested that the noradrenergic forebrain projections are intimately involved in the regulation of attentional mechanisms (Robbins & Everitt, 1982;Segal & Bloom, 1976;Waterhouse & Woodward, 1980). Conditioned increase in this activity could result in better attention to intramaze discriminative cues during the subsequent test, thereby resulting in better performance in terms of the errors seen in reminded animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting: Role of duration of cuing and cuing-test interval

Deweer

Sara

1984

Animal Learning & Behavior

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With a relatively complex maze, reliable forgetting is seen clearly when the training-to-test interval is 25 days. This forgetting is demonstrated by longer time to run the maze and by an increase in the number of errors and retracings from the last training trials to the first test trial. In this case, forgetting is a lapse, not a loss, since performance attains the last training trial level at a subsequent test. Furthermore, a reminder-a 90-sec exposure to background stimuli in the experimental room just prior to the test trial-that does not in itself contain sufficient information to facilitate performance in naive animals, significantly improves maze performance in rats that have "forgotten," even on the first test trial. Two additional experiments were aimed at assessing the role of time and duration of pretest cuing. In the first experiment, the animals were presented the reminder (90 sec in duration) at different times before the test trial. The results show that this reminder significantly alleviates forgetting only when presented just prior to the test, and is less effective when given 1 or 24 h before the test. In the second experiment. contextual cues, which were presented just prior to testing in all experimental groups, varied in duration. The results showed that (1) animals given the reminder treatment for only 10 sec perform at the same level as controls; (2) cuing for 30 sec and especially for 90 sec alleviates forgetting; and (3) a longer exposure to background stimuli (300 sec) leads to intermediate levels of performance, probably due to a partial extinction of the cue value of these stimuli.

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Interaction of norepinephrine with cerebrocortical activity evoked by stimulation of somatosensory afferent pathways in the rat☆

Cited by 303 publications

References 35 publications

The Effect of p-Chlorophenylalanine on Cerebral Metabolism and Biogenic Amine Content of Traumatized Brain

The Effect of p-Chlorophenylalanine on Cerebral Metabolism and Biogenic Amine Content of Traumatized Brain

Functional hypotheses of the coeruleocortical noradrenergic projection: A review of recent experimentation and theory

Background stimuli as a reminder after spontaneous forgetting: Role of duration of cuing and cuing-test interval

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