“…Plastics are extensively utilized for their versatility, lightweight, and affordability, and they fulfill an essential role in numerous sectors, but due to improper handling and mass production, a large amount of this plastic might eventually harm many environmental media. , Consequently, plastic pollution stands as one of the most concerning issues. , Due to the physical, chemical, and biological processes, plastics can degrade into microplastics (MPs) ranging in size from 1 μm to 5 mm in the environment. , The concentrations of MPs in water, sediments, and organisms can achieve concentrations up to 25,800 items/m 3 , 32,947 particles/kg, and 7527 items/fish, respectively . Among these, polystyrene (PS) is a particularly prevalent form of plastic fragments found in the environment. − Over time, microplastics (MPs) can further break down into NPs with sizes smaller than 1 μm . NPs pose a considerable ecological challenge owing to their diminutive dimensions, expansive surface area, and capacity to infiltrate organisms.…”