Interaction of microglia with infiltrating immune cells in the different phases of stroke

Abstract

Stroke, in association with its complications, is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Cerebral ischemia triggers an inflammatory response in the brain that is controlled by the activation of resident microglia as well as the infiltration of peripheral myeloid and lymphoid cells into the brain parenchyma. This inflammation has been shown to have both beneficial and detrimental effects on stroke outcome. The focus of this review lies on the functions of myeloid cells and their interaction with infiltrating lymphocytes in different phases of stroke. A detailed and time‐specific understanding of the contribution of different immune cell subsets during the course of cerebral ischemia is crucial to specifically promote beneficial and inhibit detrimental effects of inflammation on stroke outcome.

Neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio in acute ischemic stroke: Immunopathology, management, and prognosis

“…In the era of reperfusion therapy, the role of the immune system in mediating treatment responsiveness and recovery after AIS has drawn considerable clinical and research interest 2 . Despite emerging evidence, the level of association and clinical significance of the immune system in the recovery of AIS patients undergoing reperfusion therapy remains ambiguous 3‐5 . Biomarkers that may reliably predict post‐stroke outcomes are necessary to plan appropriate interventions.…”

An imbalanced ratio between PC(16:0/16:0) and LPC(16:0) revealed by lipidomics supports the role of the Lands cycle in ischemic brain injury

“…Numerous studies have shown ischemic brain injury is associated with microglial activation (7,(28)(29)(30)(31). Microglia are the primary source of IL-1β in the brain (32), and LPC, in general, stimulates IL-1β release from microglia (33).…”

Targeting neutrophils as a novel therapeutic strategy after stroke

“…Resident microglia are specialized macrophages in CNS and serve as regulators in homeostasis. 72,73 In response to acute brain injuries such as stroke, microglia are the first immune cells being activated as CNSresident cells, 31,74 thus joining in the complex immune network post-stroke. However, the activation of microglia is not invariable, and the diversity of microglia has been exhibited in the concept of M1 and M2 microglia polarization and other activation states, which is similar to neutrophils.…”

“…Resident microglia are specialized macrophages in CNS and serve as regulators in homeostasis. 72,73 In response to acute brain injuries such as stroke, microglia are the first immune cells being activated as CNSresident cells, 31,74 thus joining in the complex immune…”