“…The ability of metals to bind to DNA, RNA, and protein has been well documented (for further detail, see [51,182,191]). In general, transition metals interact with DNA and polynucleotides at electron donor sites such as the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the bases, and by complexing with the phosphate groups in the DNA backbone [182,192,193], leading to cross-linking with adjacent DNA strands, intercalation, and cross-linking with adjacent proteins. Persisting DNA-protein and metal-DNA adducts, with partial or no repair, have been demonstrated [191,194].…”