Interaction of Genetically Engineered Host Plant Resistance and Natural Enemies of
Heliothis virescens
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tobacco

Johnson, Matthew; Gould, Fred

doi:10.1093/ee/21.3.586

Cited by 128 publications

(74 citation statements)

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“…The final yield was 2 mg of vesicle protein per gram of midgut tissue, as determined by using the Bradford (31) assay reagents from Bio-Rad. When CryIA(c) was tested, the apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of the receptor-ligand complex and the binding-site concentration (RJ) in the BBMV preparations were determined from competition experiments (12) using duplicate samples of BBMVs (100 ,ug/ml), 6 After four generations of selection, survival of the control and selected strains had begun to diverge, with 9.3% survival of the control and 22.0%o survival of the selected strain after 6 days on 0.40-Azg/ml CryIA(c). In generation 6, survival after 7 days was 2.5% for controls and 15% for the selected strain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens.

Gould

Martínez‐Ramírez

Anderson

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

199

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Evolution of pest resistance to al proteins produced by Baciuw thw'mgwensis (Bt) would dera our ability to control agricltural pests with genetically engineered crops designe to express genes coding for these proteins. One of the few microbes that has been used successfully in agricultural insect pest control is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Liquid and powder formulations of this bacterium hold a small but growing share of the pest-control-agent market (1). Genes from Bt that code for production ofa set ofinsecticidal proteins are being cloned and transferred to a number of crop plants (2)(3)(4). Expression ofBt genes in crop plants is appealing because the toxicity of the proteins coded for by these genes is restricted to specific groups of insects (5) (9)(10)(11).Excitement over the potential of engineered plants with Bt genes has been tempered by laboratory and field work which indicates that pest insects have the capacity to adapt to Bt and its toxic proteins (34). However, studies of insect resistance to Bt toxins have found that resistance is toxin-specific.Indian meal moths that were >100-fold resistant to the Bt toxin CryIA(b) were not at all resistant to CryIC (12). Diamondback moths that were >200-fold resistant to Cry-IA(b) were not resistant to CryIB or CryIC (13). A strain of Heliothis virescens selected with CryIA(b) and a mixture of CryIA and CryIIA proteins in an HD-1 strain of Bt was significantly resistant to only some strains of Bt (14). Restriction of resistance to a single or highly related group of toxins may be explained by studies indicating that the biochemical basis for resistance includes changes in receptors in the insect midgut (12,13,15).While high levels of resistance are cause for concern, the specificity of resistance has led to a belief that as insects become resistant to one Bt toxin, that toxin could be successfully replaced by a different Bt toxin (16). Additionally, genetic analyses of Bt resistance have demonstrated that the resistance is usually inherited as a mostly recessive trait (14,15,(17)(18)(19)(20). The rate at which such recessive traits become established in a population can be significantly decreased by the proper use ofBt-toxin-producing plants, so these genetic results have prompted the development of specific "resistance management" strategies (21,22).We report here on Bt-toxin resistance in a strain of H. virescens, a pest of cotton, soybean, tobacco, tomato, and other agricultural crops. The resistance in our strain of H. virescens is not toxin-specific, does not appear to be related to changes in midgut receptors, and is not inherited as a recessive trait when larvae are exposed to high doses of Bt toxin. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURESDesign of Selection Experiment. As part of a larger study on insect resistance to Bt toxins, a strain of H. virescens was selected for survival on an artificial diet containing CryIA(c). The selected strain and the control strain were initiated from a sample of a field population collected in July 1988. Precautions, which are...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens.

Gould

Martínez‐Ramírez

Anderson

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

199

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“…In tobacco plants (N. tabacum), a moderate level of Bt endotoxin-mediated resistance was shown to enhance parasitism of Heliothis virescens F. larvae by the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) (Johnson and Gould, 1992). This increase in parasitization appeared to be related to a prolonged development time of vulnerable larval instars on resistant tobacco plants.…”

Section: Plants Mediate Host/prey Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increase in parasitization appeared to be related to a prolonged development time of vulnerable larval instars on resistant tobacco plants. Also, increased movements of larvae on toxic plants may augment their vulnerability to foraging parasitoids (Johnson and Gould, 1992). The importance of such sublethal effects on improving pest control deserves more attention.…”

Section: Plants Mediate Host/prey Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and Manipulating Plant Attributes to Enhance Biological Control

2000

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“…For example, assuming that the combined mortality effects were constant over all instars, the resultant larval mortality would be 84.7% if the chances of larvae dying were 80% by other mortality factors and 23.7% by Bt pollen exposure. 0.847 ϭ 0.8 ϩ 0.237 Ϫ ͑0.8 ϫ 0.237͒ Outcomes of multiple sources of mortality can be nonadditive and result in either synergistic or antagonistic interactions in mortality (Johnson and Gould 1992, Soluk 1993, Losey and Denno 1998, Roy et al 1998, James 2003. Intoxicated monarch butterßy larvae might be exposed to a higher risk of predation caused by their delayed development and possible reduced defense behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects on Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) After Continuous Exposure to Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn During Anthesis

Dively¹,

Rose²,

Sears³

et al. 2004

Environ Entomol

116

111

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Effects on monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., after continuous exposure of larvae to natural deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt pollen on milkweed, were measured in five studies. First instars were exposed at 3-4 and 6-7 d after initial anthesis, either directly on milkweed plants in commercial cornfields or in the laboratory on leaves collected from milkweeds in corn plots. Pollen exposure levels ranging from 122 to 188 grains/cm 2 /d were similar to within-field levels that monarch butterfly populations might experience in the general population of cornfields. Results indicate that 23.7% fewer larvae exposed to these levels of Bt pollen during anthesis reached the adult stage. A risk assessment procedure used previously was updated with a simulation model estimating the proportion of second-generation monarch butterflies affected. When considered over the entire range of the Corn Belt, which represents only 50% of the breeding population, the risk to monarch butterfly larvae associated with long-term exposure to Bt corn pollen is 0.6% additional mortality. Exposure also prolonged the developmental time of larvae by 1.8 d and reduced the weights of both pupae and adults by 5.5%. The sex ratio and wing length of adults were unaffected. The ecological significance of these sublethal effects is discussed relative to generation mortality and adult performance. BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne's Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use.Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. ABSTRACT Effects on monarch butterßy, Danaus plexippus L., after continuous exposure of larvae to natural deposits of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and non-Bt pollen on milkweed, were measured in Þve studies. First instars were exposed at 3Ð 4 and 6 Ð7 d after initial anthesis, either directly on milkweed plants in commercial cornÞelds or in the laboratory on leaves collected from milkweeds in corn plots. Pollen exposure levels ranging from 122 to 188 grains/cm 2

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Interaction of Genetically Engineered Host Plant Resistance and Natural Enemies of Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Tobacco

Cited by 128 publications

References 0 publications

Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens.

Broad-spectrum resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in Heliothis virescens.

Understanding and Manipulating Plant Attributes to Enhance Biological Control

Effects on Monarch Butterfly Larvae (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) After Continuous Exposure to Cry1Ab-Expressing Corn During Anthesis

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