Interaction of gender and age in pharmacists' labour outcomes

Abstract

Objectives Workers from different genders and age groups may encounter unequal opportunities and/or structural barriers that grant them access to, or limit, the acquisition of human capital and the ability to apply it, which are likely to affect labour outcomes such as job entry, mobility, hours of work, and wages and salaries. The objective was to assess whether labour outcomes of young women differ from those of the rest of the workforce, if at all, due to gender, age, or the interaction of both classifications. Methods The study was based on survey data self‐reported by licensed pharmacists. A 2 × 3 (gender × age‐group) factorial design was used to assess differences in seven labour outcomes. Key findings Wages and salaries were greater for men than for women, and the disparity was observed in all age groups. Gender differences in average workweek and part‐time employment were heavily mediated by age. Age also mediated gender differences in annual household income. While the age‐group classification was statistically significant for all labour outcomes, the gender classification lacked significance for household income, distance to work and one‐way commute time. Wages and salaries, the wage rate, distance to work and one‐way commute time failed to show a significant interaction effect. Conclusions Pharmacists of different genders and age groups vary widely in terms of labour outcomes.

Disparities in the Wage-and-Salary Earnings, Determinants, and Distribution of Health Economics, Outcomes Research, and Market Access Professionals: An Exploratory Study

“…The model posed the advantage of allowing both gender and location differences to be tested simultaneously and independently of each other, plus testing for a possible gender–location interaction effect. This design has been applied successfully in the analysis of variations in earnings and other variables in the pharmacist workforce [ 18 ] as well as earnings of HE/OR/MA professionals [ 16 ].…”

Gender and Age Variations in Pharmacists’ Job Satisfaction in the United States

“…This design posed the advantage of allowing not only gender and age-group differences to be tested simultaneously and independently of each other, but also testing a gender–age group interaction effect. The model has been applied successfully in the analysis of variations in pharmacists’ earnings and other variables [17].…”

“…The survey questionnaire, previously validated [16,17], was exclusively designed for this and other pharmacist workforce studies. It was mailed in March 2012 and a reminder was sent two weeks later.…”

“…The existence of systematic gender and age variations in how the facets of pharmacists’ jobs constitute sources of satisfaction or dissatisfaction, the tradeoffs among them, and their intensity is a commonly held platitude in the literature [17,18]. Work-related decisions usually are made within the context of household decision packages configured by the size and composition of the household, which are largely influenced by the gender-role ideology and age of the marital partners.…”

Nature and Composition of Earnings Reported by Health Economists and Related Professionals: Gender, Education, and job Characteristics Matter

“…The model was capable of testing both gender and location earnings differences simultaneously and independently of each other; it also allowed testing for gender-location interaction effects. The design has been applied successfully to pharmacists 16 and HE/OR/MA professionals. 11,17 The linear additive model was as follows:…”