Interaction of FIV with Heterologous Microbes in the Feline AIDS Model

Ongrádi, J; Stercz, Balázs; Kövesdi, Valéria; Nagy, K.; Pistello, Mauro

doi:10.5772/52767

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…The prevalence of FeHV-1 can vary according to population density of cats, reaching rates lower than 1% (GASKELL et al, 2007). Some studies suggested that FeHV-1 might be act as cofactor in the pathogenesis of FIV infection and coinfections with both virus may occur naturally (REUBEL et al, 1994;KAWAGUSHI & MIKAMI, 1995;ONGRÁDI et al, 2013). However, this association was not observed among cats in this study.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 67%

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) and coinfections with feline viral pathogens in domestic cats in Brazil

et al. 2018

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Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) may causes an asymptomatic infection that result in an efficient transmission and subsequently dissemination of the virus in feline population. This study used molecular detection by qPCR (quantitative PCR) based on DNA polymerase gene fragment amplification to evaluate the occurrence of FcaGHV1 and its correlation with other feline viral pathogens, such as Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPPV-1), Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1), and feline retroviruses such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). Of the 182 blood samples evaluated 23.6% (43/182) were positives for FcaGHV1. Approximately 37.9% (33/87) of the samples that tested positive for retrovirus were also were positive for FcaGHV1 infection (P<0.0001). Among FIV-infected samples, 49% (24/49) were positive for FcaGHV1 (P<0.0001). FcaGHV1 infection was not associated with FeLV (P>0.66) or CPPV-1 (P>0.46) coinfection. All samples were negative for FeHV-1. Male felines were significantly associated to FcaGHV1 (P<0.0001) and their risk of infection with FcaGHV1 was about of 7.74 times greater compared to females. Kittens (≤ 1year) were the least affected by FcaGHV1 infection, being verified a rate of 7.7% (4/52). Therefore, male cats over one year old and infected with FIV were considerably more likely to be infected with FcaGHV1. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the occurrence and molecular detection of FcaGHV1 infection in domestic cats in Brazil and in South America.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 67%

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) and coinfections with feline viral pathogens in domestic cats in Brazil

et al. 2018

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“…Heterologous viruses, such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, hepatitis D virus, and leukemia viruses, augment HIV replication resulting in the acceleration of AIDS progression. These interactions were also proven in the feline AIDS mode [25]. These DNA viruses harbor early or immediate early genes; retroviruses possess regulatory genes, whose expression not only augment their own replication, but through activating cellular transcription factors, activate HIV or FIV.…”

Section: Lessons From the Interaction Of Hiv With Heterologous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Interactions of different viruses within the same host are not uncommon leading to genetic and non-genetic relationships [25]. A virus can hijack a gene from another virus if both replicate in the same cell: e.g., human herpesvirus/HHV/-6 obtained its U94 gene from adeno-associated virus (AAV/-2) [26].…”

Section: Lessons From the Interaction Of Hiv With Heterologous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These DNA viruses harbor early or immediate early genes; retroviruses possess regulatory genes, whose expression not only augment their own replication, but through activating cellular transcription factors, activate HIV or FIV. RNA viruses, including coronaviruses, do not encode such genetic elements; they do not activate lentiviruses directly [25]. Early in vitro experiments indicated that transactivation could take place in the same cell, but later both epidemiological surveys and model experiments helped the identification of the exact mechanism of transcellular transactivation between different infected cells [25].…”

Section: Lessons From the Interaction Of Hiv With Heterologous Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients: potential role in the high mutational load of the Omicron variant emerging in South Africa

et al. 2022

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A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 named Omicron (B.1.1.529) was isolated from an HIV-infected patient in Botswana, South Africa, in November 2021. Whole genome sequencing revealed a multitude of mutations and its relationship to the mutation-rich Alpha variant that had been isolated from a cancer patient. It is conceivable that very high prevalence of HIV-infected individuals as susceptible hosts in South Africa and their immunocompromised state may predispose for accumulation of coronavirus mutations. Coronaviruses uniquely code for an N-terminal 3′ to 5′exonuclease (ExoN, nsp14) that removes mismatched nucleotides paired by the RNA dependent RNA polymerase. Its activity depends preferably on Mg2+ and other divalent cations (manganese, cobalt and zinc). On the contrary, methyl transferase activity of non-structural protein (nsp) 14 and nsp16 both complexed with nsp10 requires Mn2+. Enzymes in successive stages of HIV infections require the same cations. In HIV-infected organisms, a subsequent coronavirus infection encounters with altered homeostasis of the body including relative starvation of divalent cations induced by interleukin production of HIV-infected cells. It is hypothesized that selective diminished efficacy of ExoN in the absence of sufficient amount of magnesium may result in the accumulation of mutations. Unusual mutations and recombinations of heterologous viruses detected in AIDS patients also suggest that long-lasting persistence of superinfecting viruses may also contribute to the selection of genetic variants. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors partially restore divalent cations’ equilibrium. As a practical approach, implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy against HIV replication and vaccination against coronaviruses may be a successful strategy to reduce the risk of selection of similar mutants.

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“…The cat ( Felis catus ) as an experimental model has become important since the discovery of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline AIDS in 1986 (Pedersen et al, 1987) as the only natural small animal model for human AIDS (Elder et al, 2010). Beside anti-retroviral chemotherapy and vaccine trials, cats can be used to study the pathomechanism of interaction between retrovirus and several heterologous microbes through the course of feline AIDS (Ongrádi et al, 2013). AdV studies in cats or Felidae are hindered by the lack of data on natural infection and epidemiology, as well as research and diagnostic tools (Gonin et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus Isolated From a Cat Is Related to Human Adenovirus 1

Ongrádi

Chatlynne²,

Tarcsai

et al. 2019

Front. Microbiol.

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An adenovirus (AdV) has been isolated from the rectal swab of a domestic cat ( Felis catus ) and named feline adenovirus (FeAdV) isolate. It replicates and causes cytopathological effects in many human, feline, other mammalian cell lines that have both Coxsackie-adenovirus-receptor and integrins. Its antigens cross-react with anti-human adenovirus antibodies in immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry assays. Electron microscopy revealed typical extracellular icosahedral particles and pseudo arrays inside cells. Sequence analysis of hexon and fiber genes indicates that this virus might belong to human adenovirus (HAdV) C species and might be a variant of type 1. In the fiber protein, three altered amino acids occur in the shaft; four altered residues are found in the knob region as compared to a European HAdV might be type 1 isolate (strain 1038, D11). One alteration affects amino acid 442 forming an RGS motif in an alanine rich region that might be an alternative way to bind integrins with subsequent internalization. Substitutions in the hexon sequence are silent. As compared to published HAdV sequences, the fiber is related to the original American prototype and recently described Taiwanese HAdV 1 isolates, but the hexon sequences are related to adenovirus isolates from France, Germany, Japan, and Taiwan. Serology carried out on FeAdV infected M426 cells indicates a prevalence of IgG in 80% of domestic cats in Delaware, United States. FeAdV isolate seems to be a recently recognized virus with possible pathogenic effects and, simultaneous human and feline infections are possible. Further molecular and biological characterization of this feline adenovirus isolate, as well as studies on both human and feline epidemiology and pathomechanisms, especially in endangered big cats, are warranted. FeAdV might have further practical advantages. Namely, it could be utilized in both human and feline AIDS research, developed into diagnostic tools, and gene therapy vectors in the near future.

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Interaction of FIV with Heterologous Microbes in the Feline AIDS Model

Cited by 4 publications

References 66 publications

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) and coinfections with feline viral pathogens in domestic cats in Brazil

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) and coinfections with feline viral pathogens in domestic cats in Brazil

SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-infected patients: potential role in the high mutational load of the Omicron variant emerging in South Africa

Adenovirus Isolated From a Cat Is Related to Human Adenovirus 1

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