Interaction of Biological Stress Recovery and Cognitive Vulnerability for Depression in Adolescence

Abstract

Major Depressive Disorder is a common mental illness with rates increasing during adolescence. This has led researchers to examine developmental antecedents of depression. This study examined the association between depressive symptoms and the interaction between two empirically supported risk factors for depression: poor recovery of the biological stress system as measured through heart rate and cortisol, and cognitive vulnerabilities as indexed by rumination and a negative cognitive style. Adolescents (n = 127; 49 % female) completed questionnaires and a social stress task to elicit a stress response measured with neuroendocrine (cortisol) and autonomic nervous system (heart rate) endpoints. The findings indicated that higher depressive symptoms were associated with the combination of higher cognitive vulnerabilities and lower cortisol and heart rate recovery. These findings can enhance our understanding of stress responses, lead to personalized treatment, and provide a nuanced understanding of depression in adolescence.

Cognitive reappraisal attenuates the association between depressive symptoms and emotional response to stress during adolescence

“…The mental arithmetic task lasted for 1 minute. For additional information on the modified TSST, see Shapero et al (2017).…”

Stres dan gejala dispepsia fungsional pada remaja

“…Penelitian mahasiswa kedokteran Universitas Sumatera Utara menunjukkan bahwa stres pada remaja putri lebih besar daripada remaja putra (Siregar et al, 2016). Rudolph tahun 2002 berpendapat juga bahwa remaja putri sering terpapar peristiwa negatif dalam kehidupannya sehingga melaporkan lebih banyak stres daripada remaja putra (Shapero, 2015). Hal tersebut karena otak wanita lebih sensitif terhadap hormon yang dihasilkan saat tubuh terpapar stresor.…”

“…Konflik terhadap diri sendiri maupun orang lain, serta peristiwa negatif dapat menjadi stresor atau penyebab stres pada remaja (Shapero, 2015). Menurut WHO, sekitar 20% remaja di dunia mengalami stres dan gangguan mental emosional setiap tahunnya (World Health Organization, 2014).…”

“…Mekanisme tubuh seseorang yang sedang mengalami stres dimulai dengan peranan sistem biologis tubuh yaitu sistem saraf otonom dan aksis hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) pada otak (Shapero, 2015). Sebuah penelitian menghasilkan sebuah fakta bahwa remaja akan lebih rentan terhadap stres (Romeo, 2013).…”

High emotion differentiation buffers against internalizing symptoms following exposure to stressful life events in adolescence: An intensive longitudinal study

“…Instead, psychological and environmental factors can moderate the impact of stress on psychopathology. These moderating factors are theoretically understood through the lens of diathesis-stress models, which posit that psychopathology emerges through an interaction between an individual's underlying vulnerabilities-called diatheses-and environmental stressors (Alloy, Abramson, & Francis, 1999;Bernstein et al, 2019;Hammen et al, 2000;Hankin & Abramson, 2001;Hilsman & Garber, 1995;Hooley & Gotlib, 2000;Monroe & Simons, 1991;Nook, Dodell-Feder, et al, 2018;Ramel et al, 2007;Shapero, McClung, Bangasser, Abramson, & Alloy, 2017). Conversely, protective factors are conceptualized as factors that reduce vulnerability to psychopathology following exposure to stressors (Rutter, 1985).…”