Interaction of an opportunistic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum with human macrophages and dendritic cells

Peixoto, Mariana Lima Perazzini; Santos, Dilvani Oliveira; Souza, Ivy de Castro Campos de; Neri, Eloah Christina Lyrio; Sequeira, Danielly Corrêa Moreira de; Luca, Paula Mello De; Borba, Cíntia de Moraes

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0105-2014

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, P. lilacinum conidia have been shown to infect macrophages and dendritic cells, demonstrating the ability of P. lilacinum to invade human phagocytic cells, thus facilitating dissemination. 22 Additionally, the phenomenon of adventitious sporulation is associated with an increased rate of positive blood cultures, explaining higher rates of dissemination in contrast to fungi without adventitious sporulation, e.g. Aspergillus species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive infections withPurpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature

Sprute

Salmanton‐García

Sal

et al. 2021

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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Objectives To provide a basis for clinical management decisions in Purpureocillium lilacinum infection. Methods Unpublished cases of invasive P. lilacinum infection from the FungiScope® registry and all cases reported in the literature were analysed. Results We identified 101 cases with invasive P. lilacinum infection. Main predisposing factors were haematological and oncological diseases in 31 cases (30.7%), steroid treatment in 27 cases (26.7%), solid organ transplant in 26 cases (25.7%), and diabetes mellitus in 19 cases (18.8%). The most prevalent infection sites were skin (n = 37/101, 36.6%) and lungs (n = 26/101, 25.7%). Dissemination occurred in 22 cases (21.8%). Pain and fever were the most frequent symptoms (n = 40/101, 39.6% and n = 34/101, 33.7%, respectively). Diagnosis was established by culture in 98 cases (97.0%). P. lilacinum caused breakthrough infection in 10 patients (9.9%). Clinical isolates were frequently resistant to amphotericin B, whereas posaconazole and voriconazole showed good in vitro activity. Susceptibility to echinocandins varied considerably. Systemic antifungal treatment was administered in 90 patients (89.1%). Frequently employed antifungals were voriconazole in 51 (56.7%) and itraconazole in 26 patients (28.9%). Amphotericin B treatment was significantly associated with high mortality rates (n = 13/33, 39.4%, P = <0.001). Overall mortality was 21.8% (n = 22/101) and death was attributed to P. lilacinum infection in 45.5% (n = 10/22). Conclusions P. lilacinum mainly presents as soft-tissue, pulmonary or disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. Owing to intrinsic resistance, accurate species identification and susceptibility testing are vital. Outcome is better in patients treated with triazoles compared with amphotericin B formulations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasive infections withPurpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature

Sprute

Salmanton‐García

Sal

et al. 2021

Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

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“…Purpureocillium lilacinum, formerly known as Paecilomyces lilacinus, is a ubiquitous and saprobic filamentous fungus commonly isolated from soil, decaying vegetation, insects, and nematodes (Guo et al, 2019) . P. lilacinum is also a pathogen that causes hyalohyphomycosis in humans (Peixoto et al, 2014) , and reportedly produces paecilotoxin (leucinostatin) (Mikami et al, 1989) . In this study, we successfully isolated a fungus from a highly concentrated (20%) PHMB aqueous solution and identified the PHMBresistant isolates as P. lilacinum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Hydrochloride-Resistant Fungus, <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i>

et al. 2021

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We isolated a fungus from a 20% (= 200,000 µg/mL) aqueous solution of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) , a widely used antimicrobial and examined its morphology and drug resistance profile. Based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, the fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Although the P. lilacinum type and resistant strains showed similar morphology, the latter had extremely low PHMB susceptibility and was able to grow in 20% aqueous solution of PHMB, which eliminated the type strain. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PHMB for the resistant strain was significantly higher than that of the type strain and other pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeasts. The susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and antifungal agents other than PHMB was similar to that of the type strain, therefore the drug resistance of the isolate was specific to PHMB. Furthermore, we sequenced the genome of the isolate to predict PHMB resistance-related genes. Despite its high resistance to PHMB, no well-known genes homologous to fungal PHMB-resistant genes were detected in the genome of the resistant strain. In summary, P. lilacinum was found to be significantly more resistant to PHMB than previously reported, via an unidentified mechanism of drug resistance.

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“…Purpureocillium lilacinum, formerly known as Paecilomyces lilacinus, is a ubiquitous and saprobic lamentous fungus commonly isolated from soil, decaying vegetation, insects, and nematodes [29]. P. lilacinum is also a pathogen and causes hyalohyphomycosis in humans [30], and reportedly produces paecilotoxin (leucinostatin) [31]. In this study, we successfully isolated the fungi from a highly concentrated (20%) PHMB aqueous solution and identi ed the PHMB-resistant isolates as P. lilacinum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We predicted a total of 10 540 protein-coding genes. We found no gene homologous to the NCW2 gene that is responsible for cell tolerance to PHMB in yeasts after searching for genes previously reported to be involved in PHMB tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [13,14].…”

Section: Phmb Susceptibility Of P Lilacinum Strainsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, this theory does not apply to eukaryotic cells that have more extensive compartmentation of genomic DNA, in which internal structures act as barriers blocking the direct interaction between PHMB and DNA. Elsztein et al examined the cellular mechanisms responsible for low susceptibility in the PHMB resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain JP-1 [12], and provided biological evidence supporting the participation of the NCW2 gene encoding novel cell wall protein 2 in the mechanism responsible for cell tolerance to PHMB [13]. The NCW2 gene was found to be among the cell wall integrity genes of S. cerevisiae, and its protein had an auxiliary function in the maintenance of the glucan/chitin balance and ensuring the correct structure of the yeast cell wall [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and characterization of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride-resistant fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum

Yamamoto

Takahashi

Alimu

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride (PHMB), an antimicrobial agent, has been widely used as a disinfectant in medical industries and public facilities. However, long-term use of any antimicrobial agent increases the risk of the microorganisms developing resistance. We aimed to examine the presence of microorganisms highly resistant to PHMB to address potential medical safety and public health concerns and devise strategies to prevent resistance development. We isolated and characterized a fungus from a 20% aqueous solution of PHMB and compared its microbiological characteristics and resistance profile with those of other major antimicrobial agents. Additionally, we sequenced the genome of the isolate to predict PHMB resistance-related genes. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA, the fungus was identified as Purpureocillium lilacinum. Although the P. lilacinum type and resistant strains showed similar morphology, the latter had extremely low PHMB susceptibility and was able to grow in the 20% aqueous solution of PHMB, which killed the type strain. Additionally, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of PHMB against the resistant strain was approximately four times higher than that against the type strain. In contrast, the MICs of four other antimicrobial agents and seven antifungal agents against the resistant strain were either less than or equal to those against the type strain. Furthermore, MICs of PHMB against four pathogenic filamentous fungi and two yeasts were significantly lower than those against the resistant strain. Despite its specific high resistance to PHMB, no gene homologous to fungal PHMB-resistant gene was found in the genome of the resistant strain. In summary, P. lilacinum was found to be significantly more resistant to PHMB than previously reported, suggesting an unidentified novel mechanism underlying drug resistance in the fungi.

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Interaction of an opportunistic fungus Purpureocillium lilacinum with human macrophages and dendritic cells

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Invasive infections withPurpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature

Invasive infections withPurpureocillium lilacinum: clinical characteristics and outcome of 101 cases from FungiScope® and the literature

Isolation and Characterization of the Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Hydrochloride-Resistant Fungus, <i>Purpureocillium lilacinum</i>

Isolation and characterization of the polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride-resistant fungus, Purpureocillium lilacinum

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