Interaction between residential greenness and air pollution mortality: analysis of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey

Abstract

Background Both air pollution and green space have been shown to affect health. We aimed to assess whether greenness protects against air pollution-related mortality. Methods We used data from the 2008 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. We calculated contemporaneous normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the 500 m radius around each participant's residence. Fine particulate matter (PM 2•5) concentration was calculated using 3-year average concentrations in 1 km × 1 km grid resolution. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the effects of NDVI, PM 2•5 , and their interaction on all-cause mortality, adjusted for a range of covariates. Findings The cohort contained 12 873 participants, totalling 47 884 person-years. There were 7426 deaths between 2008 and 2014. The mean contemporaneous NDVI was 0•42 (SD 0•21), and the mean 3-year average PM 2•5 was 49•63 μg/m³ (13•72). In the fully adjusted model, the mortality hazard ratio for each 0•1-unit decrease in contemporaneous NDVI was 1•08 (95% CI 1•03-1•13), each 10 μg/m³ increase in PM 2•5 was 1•13 (1•09-1•18), and the interaction term was 1•01 (1•00-1•02) with a p value of 0•027. We observed non-linear associations in our stratified analyses: people living in urban areas were more likely to benefit from greenness, and people living in rural areas were more likely to be harmed by air pollution. Interpretation Our study showed some indication of a synergistic effect of greenness and air pollution, suggesting that green space planning and air pollution control can jointly improve public health.

Interaction of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) Candidate Longevity Gene and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) on All-cause Mortality: a Longitudinal Cohort Study in China

“…It combines remote sensing from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometers, and Sea-viewing Wide eld-of-view Sensor satellite instruments; vertical pro les derived from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model; and calibration to ground-based observations of PM 2.5 using geographically weighted regression. Annual PM 2.5 estimates were calculated from 2000 to 2014, at 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution, which was the longest and the highest resolution exposure dataset available [33,34]. Additionally, our estimations were highly consistent with out-of-sample crossvalidated concentrations from monitors (R²=0•81) and another exposure dataset in China (R²=0•79) [32].…”

Interaction of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) candidate longevity gene and particulate matter (PM2.5) on all-cause mortality: a longitudinal cohort study in China

“…It combines remote sensing from National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometers, and Sea-viewing Wide eld-of-view Sensor satellite instruments; vertical pro les derived from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model; and calibration to ground-based observations of PM 2.5 using geographically weighted regression. Annual PM 2.5 estimates were calculated from 2000 to 2014, at 1 km x 1 km spatial resolution, which was the longest and the highest resolution exposure dataset available [32,33]. Additionally, our estimations were highly consistent with out-of-sample crossvalidated concentrations from monitors (R²=0•81) and another exposure dataset in China (R²=0•79) [31].…”

Spatial patterns of lower respiratory tract infections and their association with fine particulate matter

“…Numerous studies have explained the protective effects of greenness exposure in decreasing PM 2.5 concentrations 65 , 66 and in reducing general health burdens and specific health burdens, such as respiratory diseases 28 , 67 . A cohort study conducted in China researched the interaction between residential greenness and mortality related to air pollution 68 . The study noted the synergistic effect of greenness and concluded that controlling air pollution helps to improve the public’s health and well-being 68 .…”

“…A cohort study conducted in China researched the interaction between residential greenness and mortality related to air pollution 68 . The study noted the synergistic effect of greenness and concluded that controlling air pollution helps to improve the public’s health and well-being 68 . Nonetheless, there were no significant associations in the Southeast Asian or Eastern Mediterranean regions regardless of greenness levels.…”