Interaction between muscle and bone, and improving the effects of electrical muscle stimulation on amyotrophy and bone loss in a denervation rat model via sciatic neurectomy
Abstract:Abstract. The side-to-side difference in bone mineral content and soft tissue composition of extremities and their associations have been observed in patients with stroke and the results are inconsistent. The aim of the present study was to investigate the interaction between bone mineral content (BMC), lean mass (LM) and fat mass (FM) in the paretic extremities in patients following stroke and to determine the effectiveness of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) following sciatic neurectomy (SN) in rats. BMC,… Show more
“…The occurrence of osteoporosis could affect muscle functioning so that mechanical vibration would not demonstrate the same effects. A single different parameter on intervention might show this distinction, especially frequency, which has the most impact on apeak results [48].…”
Background: Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity in lupus individuals. Whole body vibration exercises (WBVE) may be a safe alternative to prevent and amend muscular and bone damage, and decrease muscle related risk factors for falls. It is possible to evaluate neuromuscular responses to the WBVE through surface electromyography (sEMG). Objective: To analyze and compare the acute responses of the WBVE on sEMG of lower limbs of female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) individuals with chronic glucocorticoid use with and without bone impairments and non-lupus controls. Methods: All patients (non-lupus and with SLE) had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (body composition, bone composition right hip, lumbar segment and whole body). After DXA, they were divided into three groups: SLE with osteopenia (OPIA) (SLE OPIA), SLE without OP or OPIA (SLE) and non-lupus individuals as control (CG). Twenty-seven women were submitted to WBVE, on different frequencies with the same amplitude. The experiment was performed over two days, 48 h apart. The individuals stood at a half squat position on a vertical vibrating platform at different frequencies with the same amplitude on both days. Vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterioris (TA) sEMG analyses were undertaken simultaneously while performing the exercises, in a randomized manner. Results: There were no differences between sarcopenia index among groups, despite the bone impairment of the SLE OPIA group. The greatest muscle activation occurred in the lower frequency applied for VL. A group x frequency difference was found only for GM (p = 0.034; η2 = 0.272). Conclusion: The results indicate that lupus individuals have similar neuromuscular activity to the WBVE as non-lupus controls. Moreover, this suggests that WBVE is a safe and viable physical exercise for lupus individuals with chronic glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis.
“…The occurrence of osteoporosis could affect muscle functioning so that mechanical vibration would not demonstrate the same effects. A single different parameter on intervention might show this distinction, especially frequency, which has the most impact on apeak results [48].…”
Background: Glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis (GIOP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity in lupus individuals. Whole body vibration exercises (WBVE) may be a safe alternative to prevent and amend muscular and bone damage, and decrease muscle related risk factors for falls. It is possible to evaluate neuromuscular responses to the WBVE through surface electromyography (sEMG). Objective: To analyze and compare the acute responses of the WBVE on sEMG of lower limbs of female systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) individuals with chronic glucocorticoid use with and without bone impairments and non-lupus controls. Methods: All patients (non-lupus and with SLE) had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan (body composition, bone composition right hip, lumbar segment and whole body). After DXA, they were divided into three groups: SLE with osteopenia (OPIA) (SLE OPIA), SLE without OP or OPIA (SLE) and non-lupus individuals as control (CG). Twenty-seven women were submitted to WBVE, on different frequencies with the same amplitude. The experiment was performed over two days, 48 h apart. The individuals stood at a half squat position on a vertical vibrating platform at different frequencies with the same amplitude on both days. Vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and tibialis anterioris (TA) sEMG analyses were undertaken simultaneously while performing the exercises, in a randomized manner. Results: There were no differences between sarcopenia index among groups, despite the bone impairment of the SLE OPIA group. The greatest muscle activation occurred in the lower frequency applied for VL. A group x frequency difference was found only for GM (p = 0.034; η2 = 0.272). Conclusion: The results indicate that lupus individuals have similar neuromuscular activity to the WBVE as non-lupus controls. Moreover, this suggests that WBVE is a safe and viable physical exercise for lupus individuals with chronic glucocorticoid induced osteoporosis.
“…In an experimental study in rats subjected to sciatic neurectomy to reproduce adverse effects such as disuse amyotrophy and cortical bone loss (Feng et al, 2016), 30-min NMES sessions 5 days per week for 9 weeks downregulated mRNA expression levels of myostatin and upregulated those of mechano-growth factor (MGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).…”
Myokines are peptides known to modulate brain neuroplasticity, adipocyte metabolism, bone mineralization, endothelium repair and cell growth arrest in colon and breast cancer, among other processes. Repeated skeletal muscle contraction induces the production and secretion of myokines, which have a wide range of functions in different tissues and organs. This new role of skeletal muscle as a secretory organ means skeletal muscle contraction could be a key player in the prevention and/or management of chronic disease. However, some individuals are not capable of optimal physical exercise in terms of adequate duration, intensity or muscles involved, and therefore they may be virtually deprived of at least some of the physiological benefits induced by exercise. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is emerging as an effective physical exercise substitute for myokine induction. NMES is safe and efficient and has been shown to improve muscle strength, functional capacity, and quality of life. This alternative exercise modality elicits hypertrophy and neuromuscular adaptations of skeletal muscles. NMES stimulates circulating myokine secretion, promoting a cascade of endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects. We review the current evidence supporting NMES as an effective physical exercise substitute for inducing myokine production and its potential applications in health and disease.
“…Animal models support this hypothesis. Muscle is involved in maintaining the bone mineral content and in electrical muscle stimulation following sciatic neurectomy in rats; muscle fibers downregulated myostatin gene expression, a model that should suggest the downregulation of this myokine in stroke-derived paretic limbs [ 95 ]. Cerebral ischemia causes also the activation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Smad/5/8 signaling in muscle atrophy occurring following stroke.…”
Section: Bone-skeletal Muscle Biomarkers In Strokementioning
Since the increasing update of the biomolecular scientific literature, biomarkers in stroke have reached an outstanding and remarkable revision in the very recent years. Besides the diagnostic and prognostic role of some inflammatory markers, many further molecules and biological factors have been added to the list, including tissue derived cytokines, growth factor-like molecules, hormones, and microRNAs. The literatures on brain derived growth factor and other neuroimmune mediators, bone-skeletal muscle biomarkers, cellular and immunity biomarkers, and the role of microRNAs in stroke recovery were reviewed. To date, biomarkers represent a possible challenge in the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of stroke onset, pathogenesis, and recovery. Many molecules are still under investigation and may become promising and encouraging biomarkers. Experimental and clinical research should increase this list and promote new discoveries in this field, to improve stroke diagnosis and treatment.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.