“… 40 , 42 CO 2 activation has further been studied, for example, on hydrogenated metals, 43 − 45 metal carbide clusters, 46 , 47 and metal oxide species, 29 , 48 − 51 including niobium oxides. 16 , 31 , 52 , 53 In contrast to activation by pure metallic clusters, where carbonyl (CO) formation is observed, activation by metal oxides can lead to the formation of a carbonate radical anion moiety, [CO 3 ] − . 30 , 54 …”