Interaction between Cannabinoid System and Toll-Like Receptors Controls Inflammation

McCoy, Kathleen L.

doi:10.1155/2016/5831315

Cited by 72 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…Cannabinoids are known to interact with the immune system at multiple points including CB1 and CB2 receptors, six vanilloid channels, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR's), serotonin, adenosine, histamine, glycine, sphingosine, dopamine and opioid receptors, three class A orphan G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR's), toll-like receptors, Tcells, B-cells, macrophages and regulatory cells, effects on sodium channels and several types of potassium and calcium channels, modulation of GABA signalling and inhibition of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, bind directly to mitochondria and cannabinoid receptors also form heterodimers with opioid, adenosine, dopamine, GABA and other GPCR's and have myriad and major epigenetic effects [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][33][34][35][36][37][38] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

America Addresses Two Epidemics – Cannabis and Coronavirus and their Interactions: An Ecological Geospatial Study

Reece

Hulse

2020

Preprint

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Importance. Covid-19 infection has major international health and economic impacts and risk factors for infection are not completely understood. Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.Objective. Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?Design. Cross-sectional state-based multivariable study.Setting. USA.Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures. CVIR. Multivariable-adjusted geospatiallyweighted regression models. As the American cannabis epidemic is characterized by a recent doubling of daily cannabis use it was considered important to characterize the contribution of high intensity use.Results. Significant associations of daily cannabis use quintile with CVIR were identified with the highest quintile having a prevalence ratio 5.11 (95%C.I. 4.90-5.33), an attributable fraction in the exposed (AFE) 80.45% (79.61-81.25%) and an attributable fraction in the population of 77.80% (76.88-78.68%) with Chi-squared-for-trend (14,782, df=4) significant at P<10 -500 . Similarly when cannabis legalization was considered decriminalization was associated with an elevated CVIR prevalence ratio 4.51 (95%C.I. 4.45-4.58), AFE 77.84% (77.50-78.17%) and Chi-squared-for-trend (56,679, df=2) significant at P<10 -500 . Monthly and daily use were linked with CVIR in bivariate geospatial regression models (P=0.0027, P=0.0059). In multivariable additive models number of flight origins and population density were significant. In interactive geospatial models adjusted for international travel, ethnicity, income, population, population density and drug use, terms including last month cannabis were significant from P=7.3x10 -15 , daily cannabis use from P=7.3x10 -11 and last month cannabis was independently associated (P=0.0365).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

America Addresses Two Epidemics – Cannabis and Coronavirus and their Interactions: An Ecological Geospatial Study

Reece

Hulse

2020

Preprint

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“…Some data suggest that CHS is caused by dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system, a group of endogenous cannabinoid receptors (CB-1 and CB-2) located in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, peripheral nervous system, and immune system of mammals [122]. The endocannabinoid system is thought to play a role in gastrointestinal motility [123,124] appetite [125], nausea/vomiting [126], inflammation [127], mood [128], sleep [129], pain [130], and more. There was very limited evidence that the emetogenic and anti-emetic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its analogs are mediated through CB-1 receptors (CB1r) and thus underlie the syndrome of CHS, though this mechanism is the most parsimonious and is supported by both animal and in vitro studies [88,106].…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Chsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment—a Systematic Review

et al. 2016

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Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is a syndrome of cyclic vomiting associated with cannabis use. Our objective is to summarize the available evidence on CHS diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. We performed a systematic review using MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 2000 through September 24, 2015. Articles eligible for inclusion were evaluated using the G r a d i n g a n d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s A s s e s s m e n t , Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data were abstracted from the articles and case reports and were combined in a cumulative synthesis. The frequency of identified diagnostic characteristics was calculated from the cumulative synthesis and evidence for pathophysiologic hypothesis as well as treatment options were evaluated using the GRADE criteria. The systematic search returned 2178 articles. After duplicates were removed, 1253 abstracts were reviewed and 183 were included. Fourteen diagnostic characteristics were identified, and the frequency of major characteristics was as follows: history of regular cannabis for any duration of time (100%), cyclic nausea and vomiting (100%), resolution of symptoms after stopping cannabis (96.8%), compulsive hot baths with symptom relief (92.3%), male predominance (72.9%), abdominal pain (85.1%), and at least weekly cannabis use (97.4%). The pathophysiology of CHS remains unclear with a dearth of research dedicated to investigating its underlying mechanism. Supportive care with intravenous fluids, dopamine antagonists, topical capsaicin cream, and avoidance of narcotic medications has shown some benefit in the acute setting. Cannabis cessation appears to be the best treatment. CHS is a cyclic vomiting syndrome, preceded by daily to weekly cannabis use, usually accompanied by symptom improvement with hot bathing, and resolution with cessation of cannabis. The pathophysiology underlying CHS is unclear. Cannabis cessation appears to be the best treatment

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“…Mechanistically cannabinoids modify synaptic transduction in the central nervous system and the periphery. THC and CBD are agonists of the two primary cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2 (2), with CB1 being highly expressed in the central nervous system (28) and CB2 more abundant in the periphery (29). These cannabinoids act on CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed on the pre-and post-synaptic membrane blocking calcium influx, and blocking synaptic vesicle release (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phytocannabinoids, the active components in cannabis, mimic the effects of the endogenous cannabinoids in the body (2). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two most abundant phytocannabinoids present in cannabis products, and have received the most attention from the scientific community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns and perceptions of cannabis use with physical activity

Lisano

Stewart

Phillips

et al. 2018

Preprint

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26Abstract 27 Background and Aims: Past research has shown that cannabis use is common among adults in the U.S. In 28 addition, physical activity (PA), such as exercise, is often a component of many American's daily 29 routines. Anecdotal information suggests that a subset of individuals use cannabis in conjunction with 30 PA, but the evidence base is lacking. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency, methods of 31 ingestion, strain types, and timing (before, during or after) of cannabis use in combination with PA. We 32 also sought to better understand the types of PA that cannabis is being used with and reasons why 33 individuals may use cannabis with PA. 34 Methods and Results: A brief survey was developed and was administered online to community residents 35 (N = 105) who reported use of cannabis with PA. Analysis of survey responses revealed that participants 36 were using cannabis in combination with a wide range of physical activities. While cannabis use was 37 reported before, during, and after PA, the majority of participants (92%) reported use of cannabis before 38 PA. Most participants (77%) believed that the use of cannabis products with their PA had a positive effect 39 on their performance. The strain of cannabis used with PA was dependent on timing of cannabis use 40 before, during, or after PA. Although participants reported a range of reasons for using cannabis before, 41 during, or after PA, pain management was the only reason reported across all time periods. 59Phytocannabinoids, the active components in cannabis, mimic the effects of the endogenous 60 cannabinoids in the body (2). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the two 61 most abundant phytocannabinoids present in cannabis products, and have received the most attention 62 from the scientific community. However, THC and CBD are just two of more than 100 known 63 phytocannabinoids (3) and the effects of these compounds have yet to be fully elucidated. Products of the 64 cannabis plant can further be described by their cultivar, or strain, and are often separated into two 65 general categories: Cannabis Indica and Cannabis Sativa (4), with varying hybrids of the two strains.66 Among medical cannabis users, common reasons for the use of Cannabis Indica include pain 67 management and as an aid in sedation and sleep, while Cannabis Sativa users often prefer this strain for 68 its perceived induction of euphoria and energy enhancement (5). Although exploration of the medicinal 69 and psychoactive effects of cannabis products is still in its infancy, interest related to cannabis use on 70 physical activity (PA) is also emerging. 71Within the U.S., just over half (51.7%) of adults over the age of 18 years met the federal PA 72 guidelines of at least 150-minutes of moderate or 75-minutes of vigorous activity per week (6). Currently, 73 although there is minimal research describing how and why the physically active general population is 74 using cannabis with PA, there have been several studies investigating c...

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Interaction between Cannabinoid System and Toll-Like Receptors Controls Inflammation

Cited by 72 publications

References 139 publications

America Addresses Two Epidemics – Cannabis and Coronavirus and their Interactions: An Ecological Geospatial Study

America Addresses Two Epidemics – Cannabis and Coronavirus and their Interactions: An Ecological Geospatial Study

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment—a Systematic Review

Patterns and perceptions of cannabis use with physical activity

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