Abstract:The purpose of this study was to determine whether adding zinc to the caffeine-supplemented diet of dams during gestation and lactation would affect brain development in newborn rats. On day 9 of gestation, dams of group 1 were fed a 20% protein diet as a control. Dams of group 2 were fed a 20% protein diet supplemented with caffeine. Dams of group 3 were fed a 20% protein diet supplemented with caffeine and zinc. The amount of caffeine added to the maternal diet was 2 mg/100 g of body weight. The amount of zi… Show more
“…Another proposed mechanism of action of green coffee on fetal development is that caffeine decreases the zinc content and absorption in the developing fetal brain (Nakamoto and Joseph, 1991;Yazdani et al, 2002). The authors stated that maternal administration of caffeine altered the zinc content in the fetal brain.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Kasala et al (2020) related the caffeine-induced neuronal apoptosis in rat pups to disruption in the expression of mitochondrial-associated genes. In addition, the ultrastructural investigation revealed that the highest dose of green coffee induced demyelination and degeneration of the axons in the fetal spinal cord.Interestingly, it has been shown that high doses of caffeine transiently reduce myelin synthesis in postnatal pups(Nakamoto and Joseph, 1991).Additionally,Huang et al (2012) observed that maternal administration of caffeine-induced different ultrastructural changes in the trophoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. These changes included edematous endoplasmic reticulum, swollen cisternae of rER, degranulation of ribosomes, and heterochromatin clumping.…”
Green coffee consumption has gained wide popularity, possibly due to its strong antioxidative activities and many beneficial effects in various human diseases. However, the effect of green coffee extract consumption on the development of the fetal central nervous system during pregnancy has not been elucidated. Consequently, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal administration of some doses of the green coffee extract on the development of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord of rat fetuses in terms of histopathological, proliferation, astrogliosis, and ultrastructural investigations. Pregnant dams were divided into four groups; control group (administered distilled water) and three groups orally administered three different doses of green coffee extract, GC1 (200 mg/kg), GC2 (400 mg/kg), and GC3 (600 mg/kg) from the sixth day to the 15 th day of gestation.On the 20 th day, dams were sacrificed and fetal cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord from different groups were fixed for subsequent investigations. The results showed that green coffee extract induced various histopathological changes in the three investigated organs including pyknosis, hemorrhage, and vacuolation.Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that green coffee extract decreased neuronal proliferation and increased reactive astrogliosis. Ultrastructurally, green coffee extract caused cytoplasmic rarefaction, neuronal degeneration, macrophage activation, and axon degeneration. Interestingly, the neurotoxic effects of green coffee on neuronal development were dose-dependent. Based on these results, the consumption of high doses of green coffee during pregnancy should be restricted. Moreover, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of green coffee ingestion on neuronal cognition and behavioral outcomes.
“…Another proposed mechanism of action of green coffee on fetal development is that caffeine decreases the zinc content and absorption in the developing fetal brain (Nakamoto and Joseph, 1991;Yazdani et al, 2002). The authors stated that maternal administration of caffeine altered the zinc content in the fetal brain.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Kasala et al (2020) related the caffeine-induced neuronal apoptosis in rat pups to disruption in the expression of mitochondrial-associated genes. In addition, the ultrastructural investigation revealed that the highest dose of green coffee induced demyelination and degeneration of the axons in the fetal spinal cord.Interestingly, it has been shown that high doses of caffeine transiently reduce myelin synthesis in postnatal pups(Nakamoto and Joseph, 1991).Additionally,Huang et al (2012) observed that maternal administration of caffeine-induced different ultrastructural changes in the trophoblast cells in a dose-dependent manner. These changes included edematous endoplasmic reticulum, swollen cisternae of rER, degranulation of ribosomes, and heterochromatin clumping.…”
Green coffee consumption has gained wide popularity, possibly due to its strong antioxidative activities and many beneficial effects in various human diseases. However, the effect of green coffee extract consumption on the development of the fetal central nervous system during pregnancy has not been elucidated. Consequently, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of maternal administration of some doses of the green coffee extract on the development of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord of rat fetuses in terms of histopathological, proliferation, astrogliosis, and ultrastructural investigations. Pregnant dams were divided into four groups; control group (administered distilled water) and three groups orally administered three different doses of green coffee extract, GC1 (200 mg/kg), GC2 (400 mg/kg), and GC3 (600 mg/kg) from the sixth day to the 15 th day of gestation.On the 20 th day, dams were sacrificed and fetal cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord from different groups were fixed for subsequent investigations. The results showed that green coffee extract induced various histopathological changes in the three investigated organs including pyknosis, hemorrhage, and vacuolation.Immunohistochemical investigation revealed that green coffee extract decreased neuronal proliferation and increased reactive astrogliosis. Ultrastructurally, green coffee extract caused cytoplasmic rarefaction, neuronal degeneration, macrophage activation, and axon degeneration. Interestingly, the neurotoxic effects of green coffee on neuronal development were dose-dependent. Based on these results, the consumption of high doses of green coffee during pregnancy should be restricted. Moreover, further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of green coffee ingestion on neuronal cognition and behavioral outcomes.
“…However, as high as 1 g of dietary zinc has been reported to be supplemented in animal studies [24]. A previous study [12] has indi cated that the present amount of zinc supple mentation does not exert toxic effects on dams.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Intravenous caffeine given to the pregnant human female results in fetal tissue levels equivalent to maternal plasma levels [5], In animal studies, caffeine affects brain protein synthesis in the young growing rats [6], min eral content [7] and myelin formation in post natal pups [8]. Caffeine administered to preg nant rat dams in a dose equivalent to ten cups of coffee per day for the second half of preg nancy has shown a decrease in fetal brain weight, cholesterol content, alkaline phospha tase activity and zinc concentration [9], Be cause zinc plays an important role in growth and development [ 10] and is shown to affect the brain in rats [11], the significant decrease in the zinc content in the brain as a result of caffeine intake during the growth period [ 12] could affect the developing brain. The objec tive of the present study was to determine whether zinc supplementation to the mater nal diet modifies the effects of caffeine expo sure during gestation.…”
Pregnant rat dams were divided into four groups on the 3rd day of gestation.
Group 1 dams were fed a 20% protein diet as controls. Dams of
group 2 were fed a 20% protein diet supplemented with zinc (0.6 g
ZnCl(2)/kg diet). Group 3 dams were fed a 20 % protein diet supplemented
with caffeine (2 mg/100 g body weight) and dams of group 4 were fed a
20% protein diet supplemented with both caffeine and zinc. Fetuses were
surgically delivered on day 22, and brains were removed and analyzed for
alkaline phosphatase activity, protein, zinc, cholesterol and DNA concentrations.
Fetal brain caffeine levels, as well as maternal and fetal plasma
caffeine levels, were determined in caffeine-supplemented groups. The
body weight of group 4 and brain weights of groups 3 and 4 were higher
than those of groups 1 and 2. Alkaline phosphatase activity of group 3 was
less than that of group 1. The brain zinc concentration of group 2 was
higher than in the other groups, but that of group 4 was less than that of
group 1. The present study indicated that the supplementation of caffeine
to the maternal diet decreased zinc levels in the fetal brain, and the addition
of extra zinc to this diet did not return the zinc level to that of the
control level as we had expected. In addition, the supplementation of caffeine
and zinc together increased the body weights of the fetuses compared
to the controls, but the addition of only one of these substances had no
effect, suggesting that the combination of caffeine and zinc may have
unique effects on fetal growth.
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