Interaction between Cadmium and Zinc Levels in the Biological Samples of Type 1 Diabetic Mellitus Children, Reside in Different Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

Abstract

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the familiar childhood immunemediated onsets and can lead to early mortalities and morbidities. It can arise at any stage, but the peak of occurrence is reported less than 18 years of age. T1DM cases in Pakistan were less than 2% of the total diabetic population. The current work designed to assess the concentration of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in blood, scalp hair and serum samples of T1DM children, age ranged 1 -14 years of both genders. For comparison purpose, the age-matched referent subjects of both genders were tested. The microwave-assisted acid digestion procedure was used to determine the elemental analysis in the biological samples of T1DM children and referent subjects. The resulted data of certified reference material of blood, scalp hair, and serum validated the certainty of the designed method. The analysis of Zn was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, while the Cd contents were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. T1DM affected children of both genders have lower Zn level in the blood, scalp hair, and serum samples. Whereas, the levels of Cd were found to be higher in the biological samples of T1DM affected children as compared to referent subjects. The finding of the current study is a significant hypothesis for medical experts, to diagnose the deficiency of essential (Zn) and toxicity of heavy/toxic element (Cd) in the biological specimen of T1DM affected children.

Direct Effects of Toxic Divalent Cations on Contractile Proteins with Implications for the Heart: Unraveling Mechanisms of Dysfunction

“…Toxic cations such as cadmium, lead, and mercury can compete with other physiologically relevant divalent cations for entry into cells and in various biochemical reactions in the body. For example, cadmium absorption and accumulation may increase with zinc deficiency as cadmium can replace zinc in biochemical reactions [ 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Cadmium is also known to develop toxicity by competing with essential metal cations including calcium [ 42 , 84 ], iron, copper, and manganese for entry pathways [ 85 ].…”