Fluid shear stress is an important regulator of endothelial cell (EC) function. To determine whether mechanosensitive ion channels participate in the EC response to shear stress, we characterized the role of ion transport in shear stress-mediated extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK1/2) stimulation. Replacement of all extracellular Na ؉ with either N-methyl-D-glucamine or choline chloride increased the ERK1/2 stimulation in response to shear stress by 1.89 ؎ 0.1-fold. The Na ؉ effect was concentration-dependent (maximal effect, <12.5 mM) and was specific for shear stress-mediated ERK1/2 activation as epidermal growth factor-stimulated ERK1/2 activation was unaffected by removal of extracellular Na ؉ . Shear stress-mediated ERK1/2 activation was potentiated by the voltage-gated sodium channel antagonist, tetrodotoxin (100 nM), to a magnitude similar to that achieved with extracellular Na ؉ withdrawal. Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with a rat brain type IIa voltage-gated sodium channel completely inhibited shear stress-mediated ERK1/2 activation in these cells. Inhibition was reversed by performing the experiment in sodium-free buffer or by including tetrodotoxin in the buffer. Western blotting of bovine and human EC lysates with SP19 antibody detected a 250-kDa protein consistent with the voltage-gated sodium channel. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction of cDNA from primary human EC yielded transcripts whose sequences were identical to the sodium channel SCN4a and SCN8a ␣ subunit genes. These results indicate that shear stress-mediated ERK1/2 activation is regulated by extracellular sodium and demonstrate that ion transport via Na ؉ channels modulates EC responses to shear stress.Mechanical stimuli are important modulators of cellular function in tissues, particularly in the cardiovascular system. A key physical force experienced by EC 1 by virtue of their unique location in the vascular wall is fluid shear stress created by the frictional force of blood flow (1). Changes in fluid shear stress have been shown to regulate EC function, including permeability of plasma lipoproteins, adhesion of leukocytes, and release of pro-and antithrombotic factors, growth factors, and vasoactive substances (reviewed in Refs. 1 and 2). These hemodynamically regulated events may contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular disease as atherosclerotic plaques are preferentially localized to areas of the vascular system that experience turbulent flow and low time-averaged shear stress (3, 4).Our laboratory has previously reported that ERK1/2 are activated by shear stress in EC (5). Whereas the mechanisms responsible for growth factor-mediated stimulation of ERK1/2 have been well characterized (6), the upstream signaling pathway that leads to activation of ERK1/2 by shear stress remains undefined. Of particular interest are the primary plasma membrane mechanisms by which the physical force of shear stress can be transduced into biochemical signals. Several candidate mechanotransducers have been proposed including G p...