Interacting elevated CO2 and tropospheric O3 predisposes aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) to infection by rust (Melampsora medusae f. sp. tremuloidae)

Karnosky, David F.; Percy, Kevin E.; Xiang, Bixia; Callan, B. E.; Noormets, Asko; Maňkovská, B.; Hopkin, A. A.; Söber, J.; Jones, Wendy S.; Dickson, Richard E.; Isebrands, J. G.

doi:10.1046/j.1354-1013.2002.00479.x

Cited by 101 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In this study, CO 2 alone did not alter the rust occurrence, rust infection increased fourfold under enhanced O 3 , and co-exposure did not completely offset the negative effects of O 3 , as infection remained almost threefold higher as compared to the control leaves. Karnosky et al (2002) also observed that the effects of O 3 on leaf surface properties resulted in increased incidence of this rust. Osswald et al (2006) investigated whether elevation of CO 2 (400 up to 700 ppm) and/or ozone (ambient or two-fold ambient) resulted in a change in susceptibility of potato plants infected with Phytophthora infestatans.…”

Section: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 71%

Climate change and plant diseases

Ghini¹,

Hamada²,

Bettiol³

2008

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

126

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Human activities are altering greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and causing global climate change. In the near future, there will certainly be changes in the Brazilian phytosanitary scenario attributed to global climate change. The impacts of climate change can be positive, negative or neutral, since these changes can decrease, increase or have no impact on diseases, depending on each region or period. These impacts will also be observed on plants and other organisms as well as on other agroecosystem components. However, these impacts are not easily determined, and consequently, specialists from several areas must go beyond their disciplinary boundaries and placing the climate change impacts in a broader context. This review focuses on the discussion of different aspects related to the effects of climate change on plant diseases. On the geographical and temporal distribution of diseases, a historical context is presented and recent studies using data of forecast models of future climate associated with disease simulation models are discussed in order to predict the distribution in future climate scenarios. Predicted future disease scenarios for some crops in Brazil are shown. On the effects of increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 and other gases, important aspects are discussed of how diseases change under altered atmospheric gases conditions in the future. The consequences of these changes on the chemical and biological control of plant diseases are also discussed. Key words: CO 2 , global climate change, global warming, spatial analysis, control MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS E DOENÇAS DE PLANTASRESUMO: As atividades antrópicas estão alterando as concentrações de gases de efeito estufa da atmosfera e causando mudanças no clima do planeta. Certamente, num futuro próximo, devido às mudanças climáticas globais, ocorrerão modificações no cenário fitossanitário brasileiro. Os impactos podem ser positivos, negativos ou neutros, pois as mudanças podem diminuir, aumentar ou não ter efeito sobre as doenças, em cada região ou época. Esses impactos também serão observados sobre as plantas e outros organismos, além de outros componentes do agroecossistema. Porém, esses impactos não são facilmente determinados e, desta forma, os especialistas das diferentes áreas precisam ir além de suas disciplinas e abordar os impactos das mudanças climáticas em um contexto mais amplo. Nessa revisão são discutidos os aspectos relacionados com os efeitos das mudanças climáticas sobre as doenças de plantas. Na distribuição geográfica e temporal das doenças, um contexto histórico é apresentado, incluindo estudos recentes utilizando dados de modelos de previsão do clima futuro associados com modelos de simulação da doença a fim de predizer a distribuição nos cenários climáticos futuros. Também são apresentados os cenários futuros de previsão de doenças de algumas culturas no Brasil. Sobre os efeitos do aumento da concentração de CO 2 atmosférico e outros gases são discutidos importantes aspectos do comportamento das doe...

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Section: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxidementioning

confidence: 71%

Climate change and plant diseases

Ghini¹,

Hamada²,

Bettiol³

2008

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

126

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“…Increased availability of carbon can decrease the nitrogen content of tissues, thus decreasing their nutritional value to insects (Hunter 2001;Hamilton et al 2004Hamilton et al , 2005Hall et al 2005). The stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated CO 2 may also increase the allocation of carbohydrates to carbon-rich secondary metabolites, such as phenolics and terpenoids (Malmstrom and Field 1997;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Hunter 2001;Karnosky et al 2002). These changes in phytochemistry may not only alter trophic interactions between plants and their pathogens and herbivores (Malmstrom and Field 1997;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Karnosky et al 2002;Stiling et al 2002;Hamilton et al 2004Hamilton et al , 2005Knepp et al 2005), but may also mediate the indirect responses of plants to damage (Ayres and Lombardero 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated CO 2 may also increase the allocation of carbohydrates to carbon-rich secondary metabolites, such as phenolics and terpenoids (Malmstrom and Field 1997;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Hunter 2001;Karnosky et al 2002). These changes in phytochemistry may not only alter trophic interactions between plants and their pathogens and herbivores (Malmstrom and Field 1997;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Karnosky et al 2002;Stiling et al 2002;Hamilton et al 2004Hamilton et al , 2005Knepp et al 2005), but may also mediate the indirect responses of plants to damage (Ayres and Lombardero 2000). Although there is ample evidence that global atmospheric change may mediate both plant-pathogen and plant-insect interactions (Jiao et al 1999;Jwa and Walling 2001;Karnosky et al 2002;Hamilton et al 2004Hamilton et al , 2005Knepp et al 2005), the eVects of localized biotic damage on the remaining tissue under elevated CO 2 are rarely addressed and the results are equivocal (Malmstrom and Field 1997;Jiao et al 1999;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Jwa and Walling 2001;Karnosky et al 2002;Scherm 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of photosynthetic damage from arthropod herbivory and pathogen infection in understory hardwood saplings

et al. 2006

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Arthropods and pathogens damage leaves in natural ecosystems and may reduce photosynthesis at some distance away from directly injured tissue. We quantified the indirect effects of naturally occurring biotic damage on leaf-level photosystem II operating efficiency (Phi(PSII)) of 11 understory hardwood tree species using chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging. Maps of fluorescence parameters and leaf temperature were stacked for each leaf and analyzed using a multivariate method adapted from the field of quantitative remote sensing. Two tree species, Quercus velutina and Cercis canadensis, grew in plots exposed to ambient and elevated atmospheric CO(2) and were infected with Phyllosticta fungus, providing a limited opportunity to examine the potential interaction of this element of global change and biotic damage on photosynthesis. Areas surrounding damage had depressed Phi(PSII )and increased down-regulation of PSII, and there was no evidence of compensation in the remaining tissue. The depression of Phi(PSII) caused by fungal infections and galls extended >2.5 times further from the visible damage and was approximately 40% more depressed than chewing damage. Areas of depressed Phi(PSII) around fungal infections on oaks growing in elevated CO(2) were more than 5 times larger than those grown in ambient conditions, suggesting that this element of global change may influence the indirect effects of biotic damage on photosynthesis. For a single Q. velutina sapling, the area of reduced Phi(PSII) was equal to the total area directly damaged by insects and fungi. Thus, estimates based only on the direct effect of biotic agents may greatly underestimate their actual impact on photosynthesis.

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“…Elevated CO 2 also alters C-based secondary metabolites, such as tannins and phenolic glycosides (Lindroth et al, 2001). Furthermore, elevated CO 2 , alone or in combination with O 3 , can significantly alter leaf surface wax chemical composition, structure, and wettability (Mankovska et al, 1998;Karnosky et al, 1999Karnosky et al, , 2002a. These alterations to leaves and leaf surfaces, for trees exposed to elevated atmospheric CO 2 , impact host -pest interactions with changes in frequency of occurrence and/or feeding behavior in aphids (Hamamelistes spinosus), aspen blotch miner (Phyllonorrycter tremuloidiella), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), and the wood borer (Oberea schaumii) (Karnosky et al, in press).…”

Section: Heterotrophic Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

Karnosky

2003

Environment International

107

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Atmospheric CO 2 is rising rapidly, and options for slowing the CO 2 rise are politically charged as they largely require reductions in industrial CO 2 emissions for most developed countries. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth's surface, account for some 70% of terrestrial net primary production (NPP), and are being bartered for carbon mitigation, it is critically important that we continue to reduce the uncertainties about the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forest tree growth, productivity, and forest ecosystem function. In this paper, I review knowledge gaps and research needs on the effects of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forest above-and below-ground growth and productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, water relations, wood quality, phenology, community dynamics and biodiversity, antioxidants and stress tolerance, interactions with air pollutants, heterotrophic interactions, and ecosystem functioning. Finally, I discuss research needs regarding modeling of the impacts of elevated atmospheric CO 2 on forests.Even though there has been a tremendous amount of research done with elevated CO 2 and forest trees, it remains difficult to predict future forest growth and productivity under elevated atmospheric CO 2 . Likewise, it is not easy to predict how forest ecosystem processes will respond to enriched CO 2 . The more we study the impacts of increasing CO 2 , the more we realize that tree and forest responses are yet largely uncertain due to differences in responsiveness by species, genotype, and functional group, and the complex interactions of elevated atmospheric CO 2 with soil fertility, drought, pests, and co-occurring atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen deposition and O 3 . Furthermore, it is impossible to predict ecosystem-level responses based on short-term studies of young trees grown without interacting stresses and in small spaces without the element of competition. Long-term studies using free-air CO 2 enrichment (FACE) technologies or forest stands around natural CO 2 vents are needed to increase the knowledge base on forest ecosystem responses to elevated atmospheric CO 2 . In addition, new experimental protocols need to continue to be developed that will allow for mature trees to be examined in natural ecosystems. These studies should be closely linked to modeling efforts so that the inference capacity from these expensive and long-term studies can be maximized. D

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Interacting elevated CO₂ and tropospheric O₃ predisposes aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) to infection by rust (Melampsora medusae f. sp. tremuloidae)

Cited by 101 publications

References 47 publications

Climate change and plant diseases

Climate change and plant diseases

Comparison of photosynthetic damage from arthropod herbivory and pathogen infection in understory hardwood saplings

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 on forest trees and forest ecosystems: knowledge gaps

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