Inter-Specimen Imbalance of Mitochondrial Gene Copy Numbers Predicts Clustering of Pneumocystis jirovecii Isolates in Distinct Subgroups

Dunaiski, Cara M.; Janssen, L. A. J.; Erzinger, Hannah; Pieper, Monika; Damaschek, Sarah; Schildgen, Oliver; Schildgen, Verena

doi:10.3390/jof4030084

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…SARS-CoV-2 was detected using the Altona-RT-PCR assay as described previously, [ 4 ] and P. jirovecii was also analyzed by existing and published protocols. [ 5 , 6 ]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cytology profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in COVID-19 patients

et al. 2021

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Brochoalvelolar lavages (BALs) from patients suffering from hospitalized infections with SARS-CoV-2, other corona viruses (human coronavirus (HCoV)-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1), Influenza virus type A and B, Haemophilus influenzae and Pneumocystis jirovecii were compared cytopathologically. The aim of the study was to evaluate if the cellular profile detectable in BAL may be specific for the respective pathogens and could lead to diagnosis of COVID-19 even in the absence of PCR results. Differential cytology and flow cytometry datasets of 62 patients were observed and compared. We observed a significant association between individual cell pattern changes and the causing pathogen, but no general cell distribution pattern. The cytology pattern of the BAL fluid in COVID-19 is not specific enough to use it as a sole diagnostic criterion, although it may support clinical decision making

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“…SARS-CoV-2 was detected using the Altona-RT-PCR assay as described previously, [ 4 ] and P. jirovecii was also analyzed by existing and published protocols. [ 5 , 6 ]…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cytology profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in COVID-19 patients

et al. 2021

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“…Mycotic infections pose an increasing threat to public health for several reasons. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), candidiasis, cryptococcosis and aspergillosis are becoming increasingly problematic as the number of people with weakened immune systems increases, particularly people with HIV/AIDS or cancer [4,5,6,7,8]. In 2017, 8% of the Namibian population was HIV positive [9], which is one of the highest infection rates in the world [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia

Dunaiski

Denning

2019

JoF

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Namibia is a sub-Saharan country with one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Although care and support services are available that cater for opportunistic infections related to HIV, the main focus is narrow and predominantly aimed at tuberculosis. We aimed to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections in Namibia, currently unknown, based on the size of the population at risk and available epidemiological data. Data were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO), Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), and published reports. When no data existed, risk populations were used to estimate the frequencies of fungal infections, using the previously described methodology. The population of Namibia in 2011 was estimated at 2,459,000 and 37% were children. Among approximately 516,390 adult women, recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (≥4 episodes /year) is estimated to occur in 37,390 (3003/100,000 females). Using a low international average rate of 5/100,000, we estimated 125 cases of candidemia, and 19 patients with intra-abdominal candidiasis. Among survivors of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Namibia 2017, 112 new cases of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) are likely, a prevalence of 354 post-TB and a total prevalence estimate of 453 CPA patients in all. Asthma affects 11.2% of adults, 178,483 people, and so allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) and severe asthma with fungal sensitization (SAFS) were estimated in approximately 179/100,000 and 237/100,000 people, respectively. Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is estimated to affect 15 patients following leukaemia therapy, and an estimated 0.13% patients admitted to hospital with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (259) and 4% of HIV-related deaths (108) — a total of 383 people. The total HIV-infected population is estimated at 200,000, with 32,371 not on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among HIV-infected patients, 543 cases of cryptococcal meningitis and 836 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia are estimated each year. Tinea capitis infections were estimated at 53,784 cases, and mucormycosis at five cases. Data were missing for fungal keratitis and skin neglected fungal tropical diseases such as mycetoma. The present study indicates that approximately 5% of the Namibian population is affected by fungal infections. This study is not an epidemiological study—it illustrates estimates based on assumptions derived from similar studies. The estimates are incomplete and need further epidemiological and diagnostic studies to corroborate, amend them, and improve the diagnosis and management of these diseases.

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“…A decreased frequency of DHPS mutations in other countries including Switzerland, Italy, and Portugal has also been observed [15,18,20,22,[55][56][57][58]. Recent studies of DHPS mutations in North and Central Europe have also shown a low prevalence of DHPS mutations related to the scarce use of sulfa drugs [21,[59][60][61][62][63]. Only one study from Denmark of patients with PcP from before 2000 reported a prevalence of DHPS mutants of 20.4% [64].…”

Section: Developed Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Dihydropteroate Synthase (DHPS) Mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii

Horra

Friaza

Morilla

et al. 2021

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A Pneumocystis jirovecii is one of the most important microorganisms that cause pneumonia in immunosupressed individuals. The guideline for treatment and prophylaxis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is the use of a combination of sulfa drug-containing trimethroprim and sulfamethoxazole. In the absence of a reliable method to culture Pneumocystis, molecular techniques have been developed to detect mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene, the target of sulfa drugs, where mutations are related to sulfa resistance in other microorganisms. The presence of dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) mutations has been described at codon 55 and 57 and found almost around the world. In the current work, we analyzed the most common methods to identify these mutations, their geographical distribution around the world, and their clinical implications. In addition, we describe new emerging DHPS mutations. Other aspects, such as the possibility of transmitting Pneumocystis mutated organisms between susceptible patients is also described, as well as a brief summary of approaches to study these mutations in a heterologous expression system.

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Inter-Specimen Imbalance of Mitochondrial Gene Copy Numbers Predicts Clustering of Pneumocystis jirovecii Isolates in Distinct Subgroups

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Differential cytology profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in COVID-19 patients

Differential cytology profiles in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in COVID-19 patients

Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia

Update on Dihydropteroate Synthase (DHPS) Mutations in Pneumocystis jirovecii

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