Inter-relationships between Polymer/Crosslinker Chemistry and Performance in

Moorhouse, Ralph; Harry, David N.; Matthews, Les; Merchant, Uday

doi:10.2118/39531-ms

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…These rheological characteristics can be reached with a lower concentration of guar gum when crosslinkers are used. There are two main types of crosslinkers: boron-based crosslinkers and metallic crosslinkers and they have been studied extensively by many authors throughout the years [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. These two types of crosslinkers can be used individually or in combination to complement the weaknesses of each other [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on Potential Formation Damage Mechanisms Associated with the Use of Gel Breakers in Hydraulic Fracturing

Almubarak

AlKhaldi

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Hydraulic fracturing using water-soluble polymers has been extensively used to enhance the productivity of oil and gas wells. However, the production enhancement can be significantly impaired due to polymer residue generated within the proppant pack in the created fractures. This work describes an approach to establish a suitable fracturing fluid cleanup process by characterizing broken polymer residues generated from the use of different gel breaker types. Commonly used gel breakers such as inorganic oxidizers (bromate and persulfate salts), specific enzymes, and acids were evaluated in this work. The influence of each gel breaker was examined using High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HP/HT) rheometer, aging cells, zeta potential, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (ESEM/EDS). Experiments were performed on a carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) fracturing fluid at temperatures up to 300 °F. The developed GPC methodology showed that the size of the broken polymer chains was mainly dependent on the type of gel breakers used. Moreover, laboratory tests have revealed that some gel breakers may negatively influence the performance of polymeric clay stabilizers. Additionally, this work showed damaging precipitations that can be generated due to the interactions of gel breakers with H2S.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights on Potential Formation Damage Mechanisms Associated with the Use of Gel Breakers in Hydraulic Fracturing

Almubarak

AlKhaldi

et al. 2020

Polymers

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“…Its functions include automatic temperature increase, automatic pressure increase, in situ foaming, automatic density reduction, and automatic gas lift, and it has good system performance (Bullen 1980;Harris 1985;Harris and Heath 1996;Blauer and Kohlhaas 1974;Farajzadeh et al, 2009). However, the breaking of the system is difficult and can easily damage the reservoir (Moorhouse et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new type of experimentally proposed in situ heat/gas clean foam fracturing fluid system

Zhang

Zhao

Tang

et al. 2020

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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When cold fluid is injected into low-temperature, low-pressure, low-permeability reservoirs containing wax-bearing heavy oil, cryogenic paraffin deposition and heavy oil condensation will occur, thus damaging the formation. Moreover, the formation pressure coefficient is low and the working fluid flowback efficiency is low, which affects the fracturing stimulation effect. Therefore, an in situ heat/gas clean foam fracturing fluid system is proposed. This system can ensure that conventional fracturing fluid can create fractures and carry proppant in the reservoir, generate heat in situ to avoid cold damage, reduce the viscosity, and improve the fluidity of crude oil. The in situ heat fracturing fluid generates a large amount of inert gas while generating heat, thus forming foam-like fracturing fluid, reducing fluid loss, improving proppant-carrying performance, improving gel-breaking performance, effectively improving crack conductivity, and is clean and environmentally friendly. Based on the improved existing fracturing fluid system, in this paper, a new type of in situ heat fracturing fluid system is proposed, and a system optimization evaluation is conducted through laboratory experiments according to the performance evaluation standard of water-based fracturing fluid. Compared with the traditional in situ heat fracturing fluid system, the fracturing fluid system proposed in this study generates a large amount of inert gas and form foam-like fracturing fluid, reduces fluid loss, enhances the proppant-carrying capacity and gel-breaking performance, improves crack conductivity, the gel without residue and that the gel-breaking liquid is clean and harmless.

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“…The incompatibility issues become much more challenging for stimulation treatments using metallic crosslinking fluids. The crosslinking agents in these fluids are based on transition metals (primarily Zr, Ti, or Al) and their compounds (Harry et al 1999;Moorhouse et al 1998;Menjivar 1986). From the view of scale inhibition chemistries, most inhibitors interfere with the cations (Ca 2ϩ , Mg 2ϩ , or Ba 2ϩ , etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Scale Inhibitors for Metallic-Crosslinked Gel Fracturing Systems

Yue

Lang

et al. 2014

SPE International Oilfield Scale Conference and Exhibition

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Scale inhibitors are important additives in fracturing fluids to help prevent mineral scale depositions during hydraulic fracturing, shut-in, and flowback stages. The inhibition mechanisms rely heavily on the interactions of certain functional groups from the inhibitor molecules and the lattice metals on the scale crystal surface. In stimulation using crosslinked gel fluids based on metallic crosslinkers, such as zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), or aluminum (Al), these metals form strong covalent bonds with guar and guar derivatives and therefore significantly increase overall gel stability. When anionic liquid scale inhibitors are present, the crosslinker metals are susceptible to attack from scale inhibitors because of similar interactions, often resulting in lower viscosity and compromised fluid performance. For this reason, liquid scale inhibitors are usually pumped in prepads during many fracturing treatments. During these treatments, fracturing fluids from other stages and reservoirs that contact these fluids are not protected from scale deposition. Although this incompatibility issue is an important factor in designing fracturing fluid systems, the authors have not found sufficient prior literature providing valid solutions other than applications of time-released solid scale inhibitors.This paper investigates the interferences of various types of liquid scale inhibitors on Zr-based crosslinkers. Their chemical compatibilities are evaluated in terms of crosslinked viscosity stability and scale inhibition efficiencies. Data presented in this paper indicate that two polymer-based liquid scale inhibitors can be added to selected Zr-crosslinked fluids with minimal impact on crosslinking performance. Scale inhibition efficiency can be maintained by adjusting the pumping flow rate to compensate for the effect of Zr-based crosslinkers.

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Inter-relationships between Polymer/Crosslinker Chemistry and Performance in

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Insights on Potential Formation Damage Mechanisms Associated with the Use of Gel Breakers in Hydraulic Fracturing

Insights on Potential Formation Damage Mechanisms Associated with the Use of Gel Breakers in Hydraulic Fracturing

A new type of experimentally proposed in situ heat/gas clean foam fracturing fluid system

Liquid Scale Inhibitors for Metallic-Crosslinked Gel Fracturing Systems

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