Inter-Multilevel Super-Orthogonal Space–Time Coding Scheme for Reliable ZigBee-Based IoMT Communications

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry by enabling a new paradigm for healthcare delivery. This paradigm is known as the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). IoMT devices are typically connected via a wide range of wireless communication technologies, such as Bluetooth, radio-frequency identification (RFID), ZigBee, Wi-Fi, and cellular networks. The ZigBee protocol is considered to be an ideal protocol for IoMT communication due to its low cost, low power usage, easy implementation, and appropriate level of security. However, maintaining ZigBee’s high reliability is a major challenge due to multi-path fading and interference from coexisting wireless networks. This has increased the demand for more efficient channel coding schemes that can achieve a more reliable transmission of vital patient data for ZigBee-based IoMT communications. To meet this demand, a novel coding scheme called inter-multilevel super-orthogonal space–time coding (IM-SOSTC) can be implemented by combining the multilevel coding and set partitioning of super-orthogonal space–time block codes based on the coding gain distance (CGD) criterion. The proposed IM-SOSTC utilizes a technique that provides inter-level dependency between adjacent multilevel coded blocks to facilitate high spectral efficiency, which has been compromised previously by the high coding gain due to the multilevel outer code. In this paper, the performance of IM-SOSTC is compared to other related schemes via a computer simulation that utilizes the quasi-static Rayleigh fading channel. The simulation results show that IM-SOSTC outperforms other related coding schemes and is capable of providing the optimal trade-off between coding gain and spectral efficiency whilst guaranteeing full diversity and low complexity.

Evolution of Digital Twin Frameworks in Bridge Management: Review and Future Directions

“…Regarding the communication distance in WSNs, short-range wireless data transmission technologies, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or radio frequency identification (RFID), are appropriate for on-site data collection due to the limited communication distance using low-power radio frequencies. Short-range communication protocols provide reliable and secure data connections and enable devices to identify each other without the necessity of a central server or intermediary [135].…”

Development of a Platform for Monitoring the Levels of Dispersed Oxygen in River Components of a Water Supply Micro Basin Using Programmable Microcontrollers

“…In this platform, four XBee ® Pro S3B modules were used [30][31][32][33][34]. One for each of the three sensor nodes and one for the central node.…”

“…The XBee module is a wireless transceiver that operates alongside the ZigBee protocol, providing the necessary resources to form a robust wireless sensor network (WSN). The ZigBee communication protocol is used in developing wireless sensor networks (WSN) due to its low cost, small size, security, reliability, open frequency operation, and low energy consumption modules [30,31,33,34].…”

“…Thus, the Arduino platform [11,12,14,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29], an open-source platform, will be used as a basis for building this platform and the modules with ZigBee technology [30][31][32][33][34] for building the wireless sensor network.…”

“…Of the possible parameters to perform direct measurements through sensors, dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of aquatic environments [30,35,36], as is the water quality index developed by the "National Sanitation Foundation" and adopted by bodies such as the National Water Agency [37], the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo, Brazil [38], and the Parana Secretariat for the Environment and Water Resources. Therefore, monitoring the dissolved oxygen index in water can provide a good indication of the quality of the analyzed water.…”