Inter-country differences of consumer ethics in Arab countries

The Impact of Intrinsic Religiosity on Consumers’ Ethical Beliefs: Does It Depend on the Type of Religion? A Comparison of Christian and Moslem Consumers in Germany and Turkey

“…This preference likely explains the importance of stakeholders for Turks (Hunt and Vitell, 2006). This argument also receives support from Rawwas et al's (2005) empirical results, which show that Turkish consumers in ethical decision situations tend to follow defined rules rather than make decisions on their own. In contrast, consumers in individualistic societies, such as Germany, are willing to break rules if they consider it necessary (Chonko and Hunt, 1985).…”

“…We spared the survey of the last-mentioned dimension, because as already observed in other studies (Al-Khatib et al, 2005), problems may appear during the implementation in non-Western countries. Regarding Hofstedes cultural dimensions Germany can be referred to as rather individualistic and Turkey can be referred to as rather collectivistic (Paşa et al, 2001).…”

An Exploration of Ethical Decision-making Processes in the United States and Egypt

“…No explicit codes of ethics are present in marketing, however, and hence Americans with their emphasis on universalism (Trompenaars et al, 1998) and Egyptians with their lower ethical threshold differed significantly on all three marketing scenarios with respect to both ethical dimensions being studied. Further support for this result is indicated in a study by Al-Khatib et al (2005) of inter-country differences of consumer ethics in Arab countries. In this study, Egyptian consumers were found to exhibit lower ethical concern about passively benefiting from unethical consumer oriented situations than consumers from Oman and Saudi Arabia.…”

Consumer Ethics: The Role of Self-Regulatory Focus

“…This scale proves to be reliable and valid in several studies, either within one-country (e.g., Chiou and Pan, 2008;Vitell et al, 2007) or crossculturally (e.g., Al-Khatib et al, 2005;Rawwas et al, 2005). More specifically, the Consumer Ethics Scale examines the extent to which respondents believe certain questionable consumer practices to be appropriate or not.…”

“…Besides, the reliabilities are in line with other consumer ethics studies (cf. Al-Khatib et al, 2005;Rawwas et al, 2005). The authors sum the appropriate items within each dimension to come up with one single numeric value for each of the four dimensions.…”