Inter- and Intraindividual Variation in Doppler Ultrasonic Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements in Healthy Cats

Sparkes, Andy; Caney, Sarah; King, Matthew C.; Gruffydd-Jones, Tim

doi:10.1892/0891-6640(1999)013<0314:iaivid>2.3.co;2

Cited by 56 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…In the cat described here, systolic blood pressure was just above the reference value of 180 mm Hg (17,28) and just below a recently reported upper limit of 200 mg Hg (29). This is consistent with the ophthalmologic observation that there were no signs of hypertensive retinopathy.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

Rijnberk

Voorhout

Kooistra³

et al. 2001

Veterinary Quarterly

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Laboratory examination revealed hypohalaemia (1.6 mmol/1; reference range 3.4-5.7 mmo1/1) and echocardiographic findings seemed to be compatible with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Potassium suppletion, first intravenously and then orally, and treatment with the (13-blocking agent atenolol (Tenormin®, Zeneca;6.25 mg once daily) and acetylsalicylic acid (40 mg twice daily) resulted in good recovery. On 29 June, 3 weeks after stopping potassium suppletion and atenolol, the cat was presented to the owner's veterinarian for weakness in the hind legs. The cat was not lethargic and was eating and drinking normally. The history of cardiomyopathy raised the possibility of complicating thromboembolism. A saddle thrombus at the distal aortic trifurcation was considered unlikely because the femoral pulses were easily palpated and the footpads of the hind legs were warm and pink. The previous treatment was resumed but the dose of acetylsalicylic acid was lowered to twice weekly 25 mg. The cat did well on this regimen but the plasma concentrations of potassium remained low. When potassium gluconate (Tumil Ke, Aesculaap by, Boxtel, NL) was given orally in a dose of 2 mmol four times daily, the plasma potassium concentration remained s 2.2 mmo1/1. On 1 September the cat collapsed again, even though the potassium supplementation had been increased to 2 mmol six times daily for 2 weeks. In addition to muscular weakness, there was mydriasis, restlessness, and panting. Potassium concentrations in plasma ranged from 1.9 to 2.1 mmo1/1. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (once daily 1 mg enalapril, Enalfor®, Mycofarm) was added to the treatment. The cat recovered but the plasma potassium concentration remained at the same low level. Hyperadrenocorticism was excluded as the cause of the muscular weakness by the finding that the basal urinary corticoid/creatinine ratio (average on two consecutive days: 24 x 10-6) was below the upper limit of the reference range (37 x 10-6) (11) and the urinary corticoid/creatinine ratio was readily suppressed (to 3.0 x 10-6 ) following three oral doses of 0.5 mg dexamethasone. A possible relation to hyperthyroidism (21) was excluded by the finding of a normal plasma thyroxine concentration (29 nmi51/1).Between the episodes of muscular weakness the cat's condition and behaviour were unremarkable but in search of an explanation for the persistent hypokalaemia the cat was referred to the Utrecht University Clinic for Companion Animals in September 1998. HYPERALDOSTERONISM IN A CAT WITH METASTASISED ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOURA.Rijnberk1,6, G. Voorhout2, H.S. Kooistra1, R.J.M. van der Waarden3, F.J. van Sluijs1, J. Uzer4, P. Boer5, and W.H. Boer5 Vet Quart 2001; 23: 38-43 Accepted for publication: January 10, 2000. SUMMARYIn a 12-year-old male shorthaired cat with attacks of hypokalaemic muscular weakness in spite of oral potassium supplementation, highly elevated plasma aldosterone concentrations in combination with low plasma renin activity pointed to primary hyperaldosteronism. Ultrasonography and ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

Rijnberk

Voorhout

Kooistra³

et al. 2001

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…The blood pressure value can be affected by the surroundings and the 'white coat effect'. In dogs, the white coat effect can be minimized by familiarizing the subjects with the procedure for obtaining the systemic blood pressure value [13,16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Measurement of Systemic Blood Pressure in Conscious Dogs in a Clinical Setting

Hsiang

Lien

Huang

2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The present study compared 2 indirect methods, Doppler sphygmomanometry and oscillometry, for measurement of the systemic blood pressure level in 100 conscious, client-owned dogs in a clinical setting on 2 separate occasions. The mean systemic blood pressure values, measured by Doppler sphygmomanometry on 2 separate occasions, were 156 ± 38.2 mmHg and 150 ± 34.1 mmHg, respectively. Using oscillometry, the mean systolic blood pressure values were 138 ± 36.9 mm Hg and 133 ± 33.5 mm Hg on 2 separate occasions. There were significant differences between the systemic blood pressure readings for both methods on the same occasion (P<0.001). The coefficients of variance from 5 consecutive measurements in the same dog obtained by Doppler sphygmomanometry on the 2 separate occasions were 4.1 ± 3.2% and 3.1 ± 1.7%; that of the oscillometric method on the 2 separate occasions were 18.7 ± 11.3% and 17.2 ± 12.5%. The coefficients of variance of these 2 methods were statistically different on each occasion (P<0.001). Five consecutive systemic blood pressure readings were obtained for each dog within 6 min on both occasions using Doppler sphygmomanometry. More than 15 min was required to complete 5 consecutive systemic blood pressure readings by oscillometric sphygmomanometry for all dogs on each occasion. The results of this study indicate that Doppler sphygmomanometry provides more efficient and precise measurements of the systemic blood pressure level than oscillometric testing in conscious dogs in a clinical setting. KEY WORDS: conscious dog, Doppler sphygmomanometry, oscillometric method, systemic blood pressure.

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“…In conscious patients, the indirect Doppler technique has a better successful measurement rate, shows less sensitivity to respiration or movement of the animals, and has a shorter operating duration than oscillometric methods [14,21,28]. To date, only a few studies have surveyed feline BP distribution or generated reference ranges with the Doppler method, and there are some conflicting opinions on criteria for feline hypertension [15,16,20,25].The aims of the present study were to assess the distribution of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in clinically normal and conscious cats with an indirect Doppler method, and to establish reference values for feline SBP in clinical settings. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In feline medicine, various medical disorders, such as chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism, retinopathy, and left ventricular hypertrophy, are associated with abnormal BP [4,7,16,17,20,[22][23]. Although BP measurements are not routinely performed in general feline practice, numerous clinical studies and case reports provide technical and diagnostic information [4,11,16,19,23,25]. Indirect BP measurements can be obtained by either Doppler or oscillometric methods, since both are noninvasive and suitable for clinical use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systolic Blood Pressure of Clinically Normal and Conscious Cats Determined by an Indirect Doppler Method in a Clinical Setting

Lin

Yan

Lien³

et al. 2006

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The purposes of the present study were to determine the systolic blood pressure (SBP) of clinically normal and conscious cats, and to set up reference values of feline SBP for subsequent clinical application. SBPs were measured in 53 healthy cats using an ultrasonic Doppler device. The mean SBP was 133.6 ± 16.0 mmHg (range, 110.0-180.0 mmHg). The distribution of SBP values was not significantly affected by factors such as breed, body condition score, or age (P>0.05), but SBP values of female cats were significantly lower and more variable than those of males (t test, P=0.004; F test, P<0.001). Feline SBP between 114.3 mmHg and 149.5 mmHg was considered indicative of normotension. SBP values higher than 159.3 mmHg were defined as hypertension, and those less than 104.5 mmHg were determined as hypotension. KEY WORDS: clinically normal, Doppler, feline reference value, systolic blood pressure.J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68(8): 827-832, 2006 Blood pressure (BP) is an important dynamic measurement of cardiovascular system function and is affected by physical and pathological conditions [5,7,9,12,13,27]. In feline medicine, various medical disorders, such as chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism, retinopathy, and left ventricular hypertrophy, are associated with abnormal BP [4,7,16,17,20,[22][23]. Although BP measurements are not routinely performed in general feline practice, numerous clinical studies and case reports provide technical and diagnostic information [4,11,16,19,23,25]. Indirect BP measurements can be obtained by either Doppler or oscillometric methods, since both are noninvasive and suitable for clinical use. In conscious patients, the indirect Doppler technique has a better successful measurement rate, shows less sensitivity to respiration or movement of the animals, and has a shorter operating duration than oscillometric methods [14,21,28]. To date, only a few studies have surveyed feline BP distribution or generated reference ranges with the Doppler method, and there are some conflicting opinions on criteria for feline hypertension [15,16,20,25].The aims of the present study were to assess the distribution of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in clinically normal and conscious cats with an indirect Doppler method, and to establish reference values for feline SBP in clinical settings. MATERIALS AND METHODSFifty-three clinically normal cats at the National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital were enrolled for this survey. All cats were assessed by physical examinations, clinical signs, chest radiographs, and routine blood profiles to exclude renal disease, cardiorespiratory diseases, heartworm infestation (Feline Heartworm Antigen Test Kit, IDEXX Laboratories, Maine, U.S.A.), or other conditions that might affect blood pressure directly. Breeds included 30 domestic shorthairs; 11 Persians; Himalayan and Persian-crossed (3 each); Siamese and domestic longhairs (2 each); and 1 American shorthair and 1 Siamese-crossed. Of these 53 cats, 32 were female and 21 were male. The mean age was 3.7 ± 2.8 years, a...

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Inter- and Intraindividual Variation in Doppler Ultrasonic Indirect Blood Pressure Measurements in Healthy Cats

Cited by 56 publications

References 11 publications

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

Endocrinology: Hyperaldosteronism in a cat with metastasised adrenocortical tumour

Indirect Measurement of Systemic Blood Pressure in Conscious Dogs in a Clinical Setting

Systolic Blood Pressure of Clinically Normal and Conscious Cats Determined by an Indirect Doppler Method in a Clinical Setting

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