Inter- and Intra-specific Variation among Five Erythroxylum Taxa Assessed by AFLP

Johnson, Emanuel L.

doi:10.1093/aob/mci062

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(59 reference statements)

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“…The cultivated species form a unique clade with no exceptions. This point has been echoed in previous published phylogenic work with cultivated Erythroxylum species totaling over 150 unique accessions (Johnson et al 2003b(Johnson et al , 2005. However, our analysis does reveal a sister clade of four non-cultivated species as the most closely related to the cultivated species.…”

Section: Relationships Among Cultivated Erythroxylum Taxasupporting

confidence: 76%

“…If En is derived from Ec, one would expect a lower level of genetic diversity in the derived species compared to what is usually found in putative progenitor-derivative species pairs (e.g., Ranker and Schnabel 1986). However, Johnson et al (2005) found equally high levels of genetic diversity in Ec and En, thus challenging Plowman's (1979b) hypothesis. In light of the high levels of genetic diversity and the long period of cultivation for both species (Plowman 1984), the morphological similarity between them may be attributed to artificial selection rather than shared ancestry and may thus indicate two separate domestication events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…While previous AFLP studies focused on population studies of cultivated taxa accessions from the living collection at Beltsville, inclusion of a limited number of non-cultivated Erythroxylum species in this study allowed us to test Plowman's (1979b) hypothesis of a linear evolutionary progression of the cultivated taxa versus the hypothesis supported by Johnson et al (2005) that Ec and En are sister species. Plowman (1979b) first proposed a ipadu, recognized as a recent introduction and cultigen of Ecc, was not included in the proposed evolutionary progression because it is vegetatively propagated (Plowman 1979a).…”

Section: Relationships Among Cultivated Erythroxylum Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main goals of this study were to investigate the relationship among the cultivated taxa and their putative non-cultivated relatives, and test Plowman's (1979b) hypothesis of linear progression versus the hypothesis supported by Johnson et al (2005) that Ec and En are sister species. To address our goals, the USDA and IIBC (International Institute for Biological Control, a division of CABI, Ascot, Berks, UK) collected a limited number of Erythroxylum species from around the world to capture the morphological and geographic variation within the genus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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AFLP Phylogeny of 36 Erythroxylum Species

Emche¹,

Zhang²,

Islam

et al. 2011

Tropical Plant Biol.

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Four taxa of the plant genus Erythroxylum; Erythroxylum coca var. coca (Ecc), Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu (Eci), Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Enn) and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense (Ent) are cultivated primarily for the illicit extraction and processing of cocaine. Despite their economic and medical importance, the evolutionary history of these species remains unknown in a modern phylogenetic framework. The aims of this study were to: (a) investigate the relationship among the cultivated and a select number of non-cultivated taxa, and (b) test Plowman's (Journal of Psychodelic Drugs 11:103-117, 1979b) linear progression hypothesis of the cultivated Erythroxylum taxa versus Johnson's et al. (Annals of Botany 95:601-608, 2005) hypothesis that Ec and En are sister species. AFLP phylogeny was used to compare the relationships among 36 Erythroxylum species (133 accessions) spanning the geographic distribution of the genus. A Maximum Parsimony tree revealed both geographic and taxonomic partitioning into clades representing species from Africa, Asia-Pacific and the New World (Tropical Americas). Ec and En formed distinct clades, indicating they are sister species and a cluster of non-cultivated species were the most closely related to the cultivated species. Multivariate ordination analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between cultivated and non-cultivated Erythroxylum taxa from the Tropical Americas. Our results support the hypothesis that the cultivated species are more closely related to each other than to any other species of Erythroxylum, but refute the hypothesis that Ent (and Enn) descended from Ecc. Instead our data suggest an independent, non-linear evolutionary relationship between Ec and En. Finally, the AFLP analyses identified significantly different genetic groups within Erythroxylum suggesting that the current intrageneric classification of this genus be revised.

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Section: Relationships Among Cultivated Erythroxylum Taxasupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Relationships Among Cultivated Erythroxylum Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

AFLP Phylogeny of 36 Erythroxylum Species

Emche¹,

Zhang²,

Islam

et al. 2011

Tropical Plant Biol.

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“…Cocaine is extracted from four different cultivated Erythroxylum taxa (E. coca variety coca, E. novogranatense variety novogranatense, E. coca variety ipadu and E. novogranatense variety truxillense [1]). Several recipes enabling the extraction of cocaine from the coca leaf exist, with particular names, such as the ''ollado'' method, the ''Chimore 2005'' or the ''Colombia 2000'' one, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Headspace profiling of cocaine samples for intelligence purposes

Dujourdy

Besacier

2008

Forensic Science International

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Phylogenetic inference in section Archerythroxylum informs taxonomy, biogeography, and the domestication of coca (Erythroxylum species)

White

Islam

Mason‐Gamer

2019

American J of Botany

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Premise of the Study This investigation establishes the first DNA‐sequence‐based phylogenetic hypothesis of species relationships in the coca family (Erythroxylaceae) and presents its implications for the intrageneric taxonomy and neotropical biogeography of Erythroxylum. We also identify the closest wild relatives and evolutionary relationships of the cultivated coca taxa. Methods We focused our phylogenomic inference on the largest taxonomic section in the genus Erythroxylum (Archerythroxylum O.E.Schulz) using concatenation and gene tree reconciliation methods from hybridization‐based target capture of 427 genes. Key Results We show that neotropical Erythroxylum are monophyletic within the paleotropical lineages, yet Archerythroxylum and all of the other taxonomic sections from which we sampled multiple species lack monophyly. We mapped phytogeographic states onto the tree and found some concordance between these regions and clades. The wild species E. gracilipes and E. cataractarum are most closely related to the cultivated E. coca and E. novogranatense, but relationships within this “coca” clade remain equivocal. Conclusions Our results point to the difficulty of morphology‐based intrageneric classification in this clade and highlight the importance of integrative taxonomy in future systematic revisions. We can confidently identify E. gracilipes and E. cataractarum as the closest wild relatives of the coca taxa, but understanding the domestication history of this crop will require more thorough phylogeographic analysis.

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Inter- and Intra-specific Variation among Five Erythroxylum Taxa Assessed by AFLP

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

AFLP Phylogeny of 36 Erythroxylum Species

AFLP Phylogeny of 36 Erythroxylum Species

Headspace profiling of cocaine samples for intelligence purposes

Phylogenetic inference in section Archerythroxylum informs taxonomy, biogeography, and the domestication of coca (Erythroxylum species)

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