Intensity variations of showers with different zenith angle ranges during thunderstorms

Axi, K. G.; Zhou, X. X.; Huang, Z. C.; Huang, D.

doi:10.1007/s10509-022-04056-3

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The evolution of the lateral spread and energies of secondary particles in an EAS is influenced by the acceleration and deflection in the electric field, as evidenced by various studies [12,13,16].…”

Section: Data Selection and Observation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The AEFs have different effects on cosmic rays with different directions [13]. In this work, we study the variation of arrival time from different zenith angle ranges during thunderstorms.…”

Section: The Zenith Angle Dependence Of the Arrival Time Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, a few articles have studied the effect of the electric fields on the energy of secondary particles, and found that the energy spectrum is softened in the presence of the field [10][11][12]. Axikegu et al [13] simulated the variation in the lateral density of secondary positrons and electrons, and found that the lateral distribution becomes wider. Due to the acceleration and deflection in the electric field, the arrival time distribution of secondary particles will also change during thunderstorms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations of secondary particle arrival time detected by LHAASO-KM2A during thunderstorms

Chen¹,

Zhou²,

Yang³

et al. 2023

Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2023)

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A sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), KM2A contains 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). For each shower event that meets the trigger conditions (at least 20 fired EDs within a time window of 400 ns) in KM2A array, there are many signals from ED and MD detectors. The information on the arrival time and location of each signal are recorded, and the ED hits are used for shower reconstruction. Due to the acceleration and deflection by the atmospheric electric field (AEF) during a thunderstorm, the arrival time and position of the ground-level particles are modified, resulting in the changes in the inferred shower detection. To understand the shower event variation during thunderstorms, the particle arrival time is studied by analyzing the KM2A data. We can measure the distribution of changes of arrival time in the thunderstorm electric field. The variation amplitude is not only dependent on the AEF, but also highly correlated with the direction of the shower event. With the increase of the AEF strength and the zenith angle, the variation in amplitude of the arrival time becomes larger. Our results are useful in understanding the variation of shower rate detected by LHAASO-KM2A, and will also provide important information for shower reconstruction during thunderstorms.

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Section: Data Selection and Observation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Zenith Angle Dependence Of the Arrival Time Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Variations of secondary particle arrival time detected by LHAASO-KM2A during thunderstorms

Chen¹,

Zhou²,

Yang³

et al. 2023

Proceedings of 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2023)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Owing to the acceleration of the secondary charged particles when they cross the layers of the AEF, the number of ground-level secondary particles with energy above the detector threshold will increase [17,30]. At the same time, the mean energies of secondary positrons/electrons are much lower than that of muons [33]. Most muons detected by MDs have energies of approximately 1 GeV [43].…”

Section: B Flux Variations Of Ground-level Secondary Particles In Km2amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, there have been some reports on the energy and lateral distribution of secondary particles during thunderstorms. The effect of the electric fields on the energy of secondary particles was analyzed [31][32][33] and it was found that the energy spectrum was softened in the presence of the field. The variation in the lateral density of secondary positrons and electrons was simulated, and it was shown that the lateral distribution became wider [34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flux variations of cosmic ray air showers detected by LHAASO-KM2A during a thunderstorm on June 10, 2021*

Xun-Xiu¹

2023

Chinese Phys. C

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The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) has three sub-arrays, KM2A, WCDA and WFCTA. The flux variations of cosmic ray air showers were studied by analyzing the KM2A data during the thunderstorm on 10 June 2021. The number of shower events that meet the trigger conditions increases significantly in atmospheric electric fields, with maximum fractional increase of 20%. The variations of trigger rates (increases or decreases) are found to be strongly dependent on the primary zenith angle. The flux of secondary particles increases significantly, following a similar trend with that of the shower events. To better understand the observed behavior, Monte Carlo simulations are performed with CORSIKA and G4KM2A (a code based on GEANT4). We find that the experimental data (in saturated negative fields) are in good agreement with simulations, assuming the presence of a uniform electric field of -700 V/cm with a thickness of 1500 m in the atmosphere above the observation level. Due to the acceleration/deceleration by the atmospheric electric field, the number of secondary particles with energy above the detector threshold is modified, resulting in the changes in shower detection rate.

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Effects of Thunderstorm Electric Field on the Lateral Distribution of Cosmic Ray Secondary Particles at LHAASO

Lin,

Xun-xiu,

Axikegu

et al. 2024

Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics

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Intensity variations of showers with different zenith angle ranges during thunderstorms

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Variations of secondary particle arrival time detected by LHAASO-KM2A during thunderstorms

Variations of secondary particle arrival time detected by LHAASO-KM2A during thunderstorms

Flux variations of cosmic ray air showers detected by LHAASO-KM2A during a thunderstorm on June 10, 2021*

Effects of Thunderstorm Electric Field on the Lateral Distribution of Cosmic Ray Secondary Particles at LHAASO

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