Intensity of menstrual pain and estimated angle of uterine flexion

Abstract

In women with pelvic pain, ultrasound-estimated uterine flexion represents an independent risk for intense menstrual pain.

Cesarean Delivery Changes the Natural Position of the Uterus on Transvaginal Ultrasonography

“…Prior studies have shown that intraoperative US of the uterus during a second‐trimester termination can reduce the risk of perforation . Interestingly, a retroflexed uterus was also shown to be an independent risk factor for severe menstrual pain and dyspareunia . Very rarely, severe complications of retroflexed uteri are reported in the literature.…”

“…13 Interestingly, a retroflexed uterus was also shown to be an independent risk factor for severe menstrual pain and dyspareunia. [14][15][16] Very rarely, severe complications of retroflexed uteri are reported in the literature. For example, case reports exist of a rupture of a retroflexed uterus in the second trimester.…”

Value of vaginal cervical position in estimating uterine anatomy

“…They found a significant correlation between the retroverted uterus and dyspareunia and dysmenorrhea. Cagnacci et al (2014) Anteversion/anteflexion 56.7% (n 5 68) 72.5% (n 5 87) Anteversion/retroflexion 7.5% (n 5 9) 17.5% (n 5 21) Retroversion/anteflexion 5.8% (n 5 7) 0.8% (n 5 1) Retroversion/retroflexion 30% (n 5 36) 9.2% (n 5 11) intense menstrual pain was experienced when the angle of uterine flexion was smaller. Nevertheless, we considered the value of cervical position observed in the cervicovaginal examination in estimating the uterus.…”

Transvaginal and transperineal ultrasound follow‐up after laparoscopic correction of uterine retrodisplacement in women with posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis

“…Uterine position can be identified by two angles: (i) angle of version, between the axis of the uterine body and the vaginal canal; and (ii) angle of flexion, between the axis of the uterine cervix and the uterine body, with the vertex located at the level of the uterine isthmus . The retrodisplacement (retroflexion and/or retroversion) of the uterus is a normal physiologic variant present in 20% of women, but it can also be associated with chronic retracting posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and adhesions .…”

“…The retrodisplacement (retroflexion and/or retroversion) of the uterus is a normal physiologic variant present in 20% of women, but it can also be associated with chronic retracting posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and adhesions . Pelvic pain symptoms, like dysmenorrhoea, chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia, can be related to the retrodisplacement of the uterus . Theoretically, complete surgical excision of endometriosis without correction of uterine retrodisplacement might cause persistent pelvic pain after surgery.…”