“…There have been a considerable number of studies that have explored such sources for temperatures in individual cities-Berlin (Meier et al, 2015), London (Chapman et al, 2017), Amsterdam (De Vos et al, 2017), Paris (Madelin & Dupuis, 2020), Oslo (Venter et al, 2020), Moscow (Varentsov et al, 2020), Sydney (Potgieter et al, 2021)-and increasingly for other parameters (De Vos et al, 2020). These have consistently found parts of cities to be considerably hotter than the NMS networks suggest, particularly during heatwaves.…”