Abstract:The present work deals with the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of sunflower oil focusing on establishing the best conditions of ultrasonic operating and reaction parameters to maximize the extent of hydrogenation of sunflower oil. The processing is based on the use of 5% Pd/C as the catalyst, ammonium formate as the hydrogen donor, and water as solvent. The effect of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic frequency, temperature, speed of agitation, catalyst loading, and water quantity on the extent of CTH has be… Show more
“…Sound waves with a frequency higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic waves. When ultrasonic waves propagate in the medium, they will produce a series of effects such as mechanical effects, thermal effects, and cavitation 18 . They have a good emulsification effect and can promote a reaction 19 , so ultrasonic assistance can greatly increase a reaction rate.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of ultrasonic technology instead of the activation of conventional hydroprocessing catalysts also ensures the safety of the conjugate conversion process 20 . Studies have shown that ultrasound can cause rapid pres-sure changes 21 , and a synergistic effect between the catalyst and ultrasound 18 , paving the way for reactions that are usually not feasible under quiet conditions. This synergy between ultrasound and catalysis is mainly observed in the presence of solid catalysts.…”
lating metabolism and lowering cholesterol levels 5 . The study found that by adding sunflower oil to goat feed, the content of conjugated linoleic acid in the dairy products produced by the experimental goats was significantly higher than that of the feed without sunflower oil, and improved the quality of goat milk 6 .The current methods for preparing conjugated linoleic acid are roughly divided into two categories: biological methods and chemical methods. Biological methods have a long reaction time, low yield, strict environmental requirements, and difficult product purification 7 . The chemical method mainly uses strong alkali, which has a fast reaction and high yield, but the washing of strong alkali severely pollutes the environment, and needs to be reacted at high temperature, which requires high energy consumption 8 . Some transition elements such as ruthenium, germanium,
“…Sound waves with a frequency higher than 20 kHz are called ultrasonic waves. When ultrasonic waves propagate in the medium, they will produce a series of effects such as mechanical effects, thermal effects, and cavitation 18 . They have a good emulsification effect and can promote a reaction 19 , so ultrasonic assistance can greatly increase a reaction rate.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of ultrasonic technology instead of the activation of conventional hydroprocessing catalysts also ensures the safety of the conjugate conversion process 20 . Studies have shown that ultrasound can cause rapid pres-sure changes 21 , and a synergistic effect between the catalyst and ultrasound 18 , paving the way for reactions that are usually not feasible under quiet conditions. This synergy between ultrasound and catalysis is mainly observed in the presence of solid catalysts.…”
lating metabolism and lowering cholesterol levels 5 . The study found that by adding sunflower oil to goat feed, the content of conjugated linoleic acid in the dairy products produced by the experimental goats was significantly higher than that of the feed without sunflower oil, and improved the quality of goat milk 6 .The current methods for preparing conjugated linoleic acid are roughly divided into two categories: biological methods and chemical methods. Biological methods have a long reaction time, low yield, strict environmental requirements, and difficult product purification 7 . The chemical method mainly uses strong alkali, which has a fast reaction and high yield, but the washing of strong alkali severely pollutes the environment, and needs to be reacted at high temperature, which requires high energy consumption 8 . Some transition elements such as ruthenium, germanium,
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