“…A dissolved oxygen (DO) probe (DO-BTA, Vernier Software and Technology, Beaverton, OR, USA) with a resolution of 0.007 mg/L and uncertainty of ±0.2 mg/L measured the DO concentration for mass transfer measurements. The DO probe was positioned three column diameters above the injector tip [22] and 0.1 diameters from the column wall [37] to account for mixing length and wall effects, respectively. Bubbles were recorded with still images (D3100, Nikon, Melville, NY, USA), high-speed (400 Hz) imaging (Phantom Miro 110, Vision Research, Wayne, NJ, USA) and video recordings (EX-F1, Casio-300 Hz; DCR-VX2000, Sony, New York, NY, USA).…”