Intense atmospheric frontogenesis by air–sea coupling processes during the passage of Typhoon Lingling captured at Ieodo Ocean Research Station

Abstract

The Ieodo Ocean Research Station (Ieodo ORS) is a fixed marine observation platform at the boundary of the Yellow and East China Seas. In 2019, a Category 4 Typhoon Lingling passed by the Ieodo ORS very closely. At that time, the Ieodo ORS observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) cooling of 4.5 °C by vertical mixing and negative turbulent heat flux (i.e., the sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes) due to the SST cooling. In this study, uncoupled and coupled simulations were conducted to examine the role of air-sea interactions in changes in atmospheric frontogenesis around the typhoon passage. In the coupled simulation, SST cooling up to 6 °C occurred over the dangerous semicircle due to vertical mixing induced by wind stress. Strong wind stress also enhanced the SST gradient and, therefore, contributed to the formation of a steeper atmospheric frontal zone. Moreover, the comparison with reliable datasets supports the physical linkage between SST cooling and atmospheric frontogenesis by utilizing the meridional theta-e gradient and moisture convergence zone. Therefore, from the simulation results, we hope to improve our understanding of atmospheric frontogenesis by air–sea coupling processes in the future development of a coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling system.

Investigation of the Synoptic and Dynamical Characteristics of Cyclone Shaheen (2021) and Its Influence on the Omani Coastal Region

“…In its recent form it also incorporates the desert dust cycle (emission-advection-deposition) through the embedded GOCART module [22]. Special attention has been given in the combination of the surface and the boundary layer schemes i.e., Monin Obukhov and YSU, which are considered as an optimal choice for the simulation of TCs [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. It employs terrain-following hydrostatic pressure vertical coordinates with a total of 37 vertical levels.…”