“…The fault could be located with the value of action factor (AF), which defines the contributions of a single activated element, or a component that involves multiple activated elements, to the fault location process [52], and a sequential tripping strategy is proposed in [54]. This BPES could avoid unnecessary trips, due to hidden failure or overloading, by locking the tripping signals of traditional backup protection relays [53], [55], and a concept of certainty factor (CF), which can be derived from AFs, is presented in [54] to handle the uncertainties associated with the incorrect operation of protection relays or the loss of communicated information. Other wide-area backup protection schemes, using distributed line model and twoterminal synchronized phasors and their angle difference, are proposed in [56], [57].…”