Intelligent Wearable Sensors Interconnected with Advanced Wound Dressing Bandages for Contactless Chronic Skin Monitoring: Artificial Intelligence for Predicting Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Toward the adoption of artificial intelligence-enabled wearable sensors interconnected with intelligent medical objects, this contactless multi-intelligent wearable technology provides a solution for healthcare to monitor hard-to-heal wounds and create optimal efficiencies for clinical professionals by minimizing the risk of disease infection. This article addressed a flexible artificial intelligence-guiding (FLEX-AI) wearable sensor that can be operated with a deep artificial neural network (deep ANN) algorithm for chronic wound monitoring via short-range communication toward a seamless, MXENE-attached, radio frequency-tuned, and wound dressing-integrated (SMART-WD) bandage. Based on a supervised training set of on-contact pH-responsive voltage output, the confusion matrix for healing-stage recognition from this deep ANN machine learning revealed an accuracy of 94.6% for the contactless measurement. The core analytical design of these smart bandages integrated wound dressing of poly­(vinyl acrylic) gel@PANI/Cu2O NPs for instigating pH-responsive current during the wound healing process. Effectively, a chip-free bandage tag was fabricated with a capacitive Mxene/PTFE electret and adhesive acrylic inductance to match the resonance frequency generated by the intelligent wearable antenna. Under zero-current electrochemical potential, the wound dressing attained a slope of −76 mV/pH. With the higher activation voltage applied toward the wound dressing electrodes, cuprous ions intercalated more into the hybrid PVA gel/PANI shell, resulting in an exponential increase of the two-terminal current response. The healing phase diagram was classified into regimes of fast-curing, slow-curing, and no-curing for skin disease treatment with corticosteroids. Ultimately, the near-field sensing technology offers adequate information for guiding treatment decisions as well as drug effectiveness for wound care.

Challenges of Emerging Wearable Sensors for Remote Monitoring toward Telemedicine Healthcare

“…The active reader was operated with a deep artificial neural network (deep ANN) and interconnected with a batteryfree wound dressing bandage via short-range communication. 21 Appropriately, telemedicine wearable sensors should facilitate real-time clinical feedback based on low-power-operated wireless analyzers, allowing smart healthcare management decisions to be made in a timely manner, avoiding diagnostic delays and optimizing clinical consultation.…”

“…A natural evolution of telemedicine wearable sensors for smart healthcare is expected to mitigate chronic disease dependency and reinforce the healthcare network system as well as create 4P medicine (prognostic or predictive, precise, preventive, and personalized) with more attainable diagnostic goals, overcoming several unprecedented challenges within decentralized digitized healthcare . Ultimately, telemedicine wearable sensors could be a game changer with the potential to revolutionize the health sector by empowering individuals and healthcare systems to achieve individualized outcomes. − ,− …”

“…Toward the development of contactless multi-intelligent wearable technology as illustrated in Figure h for evaluating the effectiveness of drugs in treating diseases, the wearable pair could provide a solution to monitor hard-to-heal wounds. The active reader was operated with a deep artificial neural network (deep ANN) and interconnected with a battery-free wound dressing bandage via short-range communication …”

Wearable Smart Bandage-Based Bio-Sensors

“…Developments in the fields of medicine, materials, electronics and artificial intelligence (AI) [ 172 ] will eventually bring the smart wearables industry to everyday life, and it will become an essential part of everyday life. Imagine waking up in the morning, sticking a bandage to your chest, going out to exercise, showering and going straight to the office, all while the bandage continuously monitors your well-being and fitness and even proactively intervenes in case of an emergency ( Figure 12 A).…”

Patterning Wettability for Open-Surface Fluidic Manipulation: Fundamentals and Applications

“…Using wearable sensors helps gather the patient's physiological cues on a real-time basis, which can be a vital component of continuous health monitoring systems. In recent years, wearable technology has been developed for monitoring various critical and chronic diseases, for example, cardiopulmonary and vascular monitoring, glucose monitoring, 323 advanced wound monitoring, 324 etc. With the rising demand for decentralized medical care and the advancement of wearable technology, developing intelligent devices that can monitor and take part in critical health care is required.…”