“…In this study, mathematical modelling was employed through the use of a variant of a particle swarm optimization algorithm to achieve reduction in both the wait time of commuters and the operation cost of the buses (Quan, et al, 2015). Real-time tracking of buses to provide commuters with near accurate arrival times was used in this study to help predict demand rush on the routes for optimal scheduling (Atole, et al, 2016). These different studies above have shown several modelling techniques that have brought about reduction in the waiting time of commuters in the bus queues.…”