Intelligent Photonic Sensors for Application in Decentralized Wastewater Systems

Borecki, M.; Korwin-Pawlowski, Michael L.; Bebłowska, Maria; Szmidt, J.; Szmidt, Maciej; Duk, Mariusz; Urbańska, Kaja; Jakubowski, Andrzej

doi:10.5772/16136

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 60 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…However, the system of wastewater classification is somewhat problematic and may be obtained by using intelligent photonic sensors in the wastewater. The results by M. Borecki et al [10] show that intelligent photonic sensors are capable of classifying wastewater parameters and can be easily operated. The proposed sensors work in contact with the examined liquid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicomponent Water Effects on Rotating Machines Disk Erosion

Yang

Hou

et al. 2020

Water

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When sand particles are entrained into carrier flow, such as liquid, a strong interaction occurs with the surface of the metallic material, resulting in serious erosion damage. However, the effect of the physical properties of particles and materials on erosion characteristics has not been well studied. In this paper, the erosion-wear behavior of a rotating disc surface under the action of solid–liquid two-phase flow was studied by using the discrete particle model (DPM). The wear effects on the surface of sample due to particle diameter (d = 0.1 mm, d = 0.2 mm, d = 0.3 mm, d = 0.4 mm), particle volume fraction (CV = 2%, CV = 3%, CV = 4%, CV = 5%), and particle inlet velocity (v = 1.05 m/s, v = 2.05 m/s, v = 3.05 m/s, v = 4.05 m/s) were analyzed using representative values of operating conditions of rotating machines. The results show that the wear amount increases exponentially with the radius, whilst the maximum wear amount increases faster than the average wear amount with the particle volume fraction. The surface wear grows inversely with the particle diameter but slightly with the particle inlet velocity. A case study of stainless steel samples at different radius positions on the surface of rotating disc is carried out using a mixed velocity of sand and water of 2.05 m/s, an average particle size of 0.1 mm, and a concentration of CV = 2.5%. The experiments show the wear amount increases with the radius on the surface of the rotating disc, just as predicted by the numerical simulation. Two important findings emerge from the study: (1) the wear morphology of the specimen surface develops from two to three regions; (2) when the basal body is rotating at high speed, the wear degree is influenced more by the circumferential than particle inlet velocity. The wear morphology was observed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It exhibited a mixture of fine and coarse scratches and pits, and the distribution of these varied according to the radial distance of the disc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multicomponent Water Effects on Rotating Machines Disk Erosion

Yang

Hou

et al. 2020

Water

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“…Recently SDM-based fiber-optic sensors have attracted broad attentiveness attributable to their potentially higher capacities, sensitivity and flexibilities, compared with conventional SMF-based sensors, via exploring the fifth dimension—the space dimension [ 8 ]. Besides, the definition of SDM not only include the spatial mode information in FMF or MCF, but also involve the widely used components with their whole information used in the full multimode constructions, such as the whispering gallery modes for fiber profiling and chemical species measurements, the screw/twisted modes for examining water quality, as well as the optical beam shaping to improve cantilever deflection measurements [ 9 , 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Spatial-Division Multiplexed Measurement Systems Propositions—From Telecommunication to Sensing Applications: A Review

Weng

Ip²,

Pan

et al. 2016

Sensors

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The concepts of spatial-division multiplexing (SDM) technology were first proposed in the telecommunications industry as an indispensable solution to reduce the cost-per-bit of optical fiber transmission. Recently, such spatial channels and modes have been applied in optical sensing applications where the returned echo is analyzed for the collection of essential environmental information. The key advantages of implementing SDM techniques in optical measurement systems include the multi-parameter discriminative capability and accuracy improvement. In this paper, to help readers without a telecommunication background better understand how the SDM-based sensing systems can be incorporated, the crucial components of SDM techniques, such as laser beam shaping, mode generation and conversion, multimode or multicore elements using special fibers and multiplexers are introduced, along with the recent developments in SDM amplifiers, opto-electronic sources and detection units of sensing systems. The examples of SDM-based sensing systems not only include Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry or Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDR/BOTDA) using few-mode fibers (FMF) and the multicore fiber (MCF) based integrated fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors, but also involve the widely used components with their whole information used in the full multimode constructions, such as the whispering gallery modes for fiber profiling and chemical species measurements, the screw/twisted modes for examining water quality, as well as the optical beam shaping to improve cantilever deflection measurements. Besides, the various applications of SDM sensors, the cost efficiency issue, as well as how these complex mode multiplexing techniques might improve the standard fiber-optic sensor approaches using single-mode fibers (SMF) and photonic crystal fibers (PCF) have also been summarized. Finally, we conclude with a prospective outlook for the opportunities and challenges of SDM technologies in optical sensing industry.

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