Management tasks of parking facilities (coordination of demand and supply)
IntroductionThe road traffic management covers: (1) management of moving traffic and (2) management of "standing" traffic (including searching for parking places as well). Demand management of road transport networks includes also tasks regarding parking facilities. During traffic management, parking problems can be avoided or managed efficiently with the operation of parking information systems and with the interconnection of them with other management systems.In congested urban areas and also in the parking facilities along the motorways, the parking demands usually exceed capacities. The solution requires network-wide approach and interventions [1]. Parking pricing is an efficient and widely accepted measure for modal split management [2], for reducing congestion on urban road networks [3], and for managing the parking demands in urban zones of high attractiveness [4]. Realtime local information provision can mitigate local problems but the network-wide problems require integrated solutions. It can be aided by IT systems [5], [6]. In urban areas there are several methods for parking. [7] summarizes these ones with their informatics specialities. There are numerous applications and projects that give real-time information about the parking status of a certain area. During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time variable message signs [guiding arrows, names of the parking facilities, status, number of available parking spaces, etc.]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be transmitted through the Internet. Several cities use webpages and smartphone applications for this purpose [8][9][10], (www.sfpark.org), (parken.heidelberg.de). Parking management includes several methods, solutions and tools [11]. With them parking capacities and demands can be adjusted to each other. Some countries [12,13] apply design standards and/or guidelines for planning in the major transport projects. In the future, the role of parking management should be strengthened, because structures of cities are changing and environmental aspects are also significantly