Intelligence tests.

Abstract

General. Several books in the general field of mental measurement have recently appeared, the most notable of which is that by Thorndike (129). In this book we have for the first time the construction of a measuring scale of equal intervals from a defined zero, the lack of which has caused much confusion in mental measurement. In addition to this Thorndike has corrected the scores of several well-known intelligence tests, discussed in detail the distribution of intelligence ratings and the probable growth of intelligence and given the best description of intelligence with reference to such attributes as altitude, range, area, and speed. It is the most significant contribution to our subject since the work of Binet. Freeman's (43) book covers the whole range of mental tests with primary emphasis upon intelligence tests and he discusses the problems of growth, variability, and the general nature of intelligence. Claparede (23) also gives a general description of theories of intelligence, and makes a distinction between age tests and tests of aptitude. His book includes a translation of the Stanford Revision and also contains some foreign tests not well known in this country. Lincoln (77) deals primarily with educational measurement, but includes an elementary account of intelligence testing.With reference to the definition of intelligence, Warren et al. (140) give a formal definition among their list of psychological terms. Pintner (106) presents an empirical view of intelligence as an evaluation of any reaction, and discusses its bearing upon the interpretation of test results. Freeman (42) proposes a new definition. Kelley (69) discusses the possibilities of mental types which diverge from the average, and defines the characteristic of a type trait. He finds three types, the social service, the dominant, and the equilibrium types.Of historical interest we have the monograph by Martin (81) on Alfred Binet, attempting an evaluation of his life's work.The relation between speed and intelligence is discussed by Peak and Boring (100) and also by Sisk (120). The relation between 391