Intelligence-Led Policing As a Framework for Responding to Terrorism

McGarrell, Edmund F.; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven M.

doi:10.1177/1043986207301363

Cited by 80 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…While the research into ILP is growing (i.e., Carter, 2014;Carter & Carter, 2009a, 2009bCarter & Phillips, 2013, Darroch & Mazerolle, 2013McGarrell et al, 2007;Ratcliffe, 2008;Ratcliffe, & Guidetti, 2008;Schaible & Sheffield, 2012), there is an absence of scholarship providing science-based insights of how ILP operates within local police agencies as well as the factors associated with its implementation. The findings reported here attempt to fill this void.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing Intelligence-Led Policing: An Application of Loose-Coupling Theory

Carter¹,

Phillips

Gayadeen

2014

Journal of Criminal Justice

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Purpose: This research is intended to inform a knowledge gap in the literature and present the first national findings related to intelligence-led policing adoption among state and local agencies. Specific practices are identified to inform scholars and practitioners regarding intelligence-led policing behaviors. Methods: Original survey research from a federally-funded project is gleaned to explore intelligence-led policing adoption through a loose-coupling theoretical perspective. Negative binomial and logistic regression models are employed to identify predictive relationships. Results: Agencies nationwide appear to be closely following the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan recommendations to enhance information sharing. Consistent with the Department of Homeland Security's Target Capabilities List is also observed. Agency size appears to have a significant effect on key organizational information sharing behaviors. The findings are tempered due to limitations in the research design. Conclusions: Local agencies appear to be tightly-coupled with the recommendations put forth in the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan in their efforts to adopt intelligence-led policing. Agency size appears to enhance adoption across most dependent metrics. This research progresses the limited evidence base and progress regarding this emerging policing philosophy. • National data of local law enforcement agencies is utilized.• Local agencies appear to be closely following federal recommendations for ILP.• Agencies appear to model their ILP capacity after the DHS target capabilities list.• Larger agencies have more relationships with organizations and create more products.• Training specific to ILP enhances the likelihood of adoption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing Intelligence-Led Policing: An Application of Loose-Coupling Theory

Carter¹,

Phillips

Gayadeen

2014

Journal of Criminal Justice

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“…The collection and analysis of information related to crime and conditions that contribute to crime, resulting in an actionable intelligence product intended to aid law enforcement in developing tactical responses to threats and/or strategic planning related to emerging or changing threats (Carter and Carter 2009a, 317 This approach is well tailored as a tool to combat terrorism (McGarrell, Chermak, and Freilich 2007) as well as street crimes that represent the majority of state and local law enforcement responsibilities (Darroch and Mazerolle 2013;Ratcliffe 2008). In order to be successful, intelligence-led policing depends on strong relationships with citizens, businesses, and organizations that comprise the communities they protect.…”

Section: Information Sharingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-organizational relationships and law enforcement information sharing post 11 September 2001

Carter

2014

Journal of Crime and Justice

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The lack of information sharing among law enforcement agencies leading up to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks has been well documented. An emphasis on interaction among law enforcement agencies with other government and private sector organizations has been reinforced in contemporary counter-terrorism efforts. Despite this emphasis, very little is known with respect to which law enforcement agencies are collaborating with which public works and private sector organizations to fulfill this critical mission gap. The present research utilizes two federally-funded national surveys to explore the collaborative relationships between law enforcement, other government organizations, and private sector organizations. Findings suggest collaboration across sectors exists, however it appears significant room for improvement remains. [B]ut the truth of the matter is, nobody bats 1,000, and I think as a nation we need to come to terms with it and do everything we can to prevent it, but also recognize that fusion centers and intelligence…are part of our future." -Boston Police Commissioner Edward Davis, Testifying before the House Committee on Homeland Security, May 9, 2013 Inter-Organizational Relationships among Law EnforcementOrganizations develop external relationships for a host of reasons, ranging from political to resourceful to tactical. For context of the current discussion, law enforcement utilizes relationships with external organizations as a tactical means to achieve desired ends; to prevent and mitigate threats of terrorism and crime. Such external organizations included (but are not limited to) public health, private security, and transportation organizations as well as multiple federal entities. In August 2011, the White House published a document titled Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the UnitedStates that specifically outlined the need to develop and sustain relationships across all sectors within U.S. communities to prevent acts of terrorism. Specifically, this initiative identified the need for government to:…not narrowly build relationships around national security issues alone…there are instances when the government needs to build new relationships to address security issues, but these must be predicated upon multifaceted engagement…local, state, and tribal governments; prison officials; and law enforcement must receive intelligence based on, research, and accurate information…(5-6)These partnerships are at the heart of successful information sharing for law enforcement intelligence and threat prevention; whether the threat is terrorism, extremism, crime, health epidemic, or natural disaster. It is important to note that national security intelligence and law enforcement intelligence vary in concept and practice. In conjunction with these reports, the extant literature is beginning to understand the philosophy and operations of law enforcement intelligence; however gaps remain related to these relationships. This research seeks to inform this gap. The findings to...

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“…Whilst conceptually these two approaches may seem worlds apart there are points of similarity and commentators have noted moves towards conceptual integration of contemporary manifestations of community and intelligence-led policing (McGarrell et al, 2007). One view is that is that both approaches are dependent on two-way communication between the public and the police (McGarrell et al, 2007).…”

Section: The Interaction Of Community and Intelligence-led Policingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One view is that is that both approaches are dependent on two-way communication between the public and the police (McGarrell et al, 2007).…”

Section: The Interaction Of Community and Intelligence-led Policingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community, intelligence-led policing and crime control

Bullock

2013

Policing and Society

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This article examines the relationship between community policing, intelligence-led policing and crime control. Whilst community and intelligence-led policing have developed as distinctive reform movements within contemporary UK policing there have been calls for the two to interact in practice. In particularly, aspects of community policing are operationalized through the frameworks of intelligence-led policing. This article unpicks the structures and processes of (community) intelligence processes in detail. It focuses on the nature of information generated from community policing; how analytical products are constructed; and the nature of the officer tasking and briefing process. It is argued that community policing was conceived, at least in part, as an alternative to traditional reactive policing styles which coalesce around patrol, rapid response to incidents and enforcement of the criminal law. However, as community policing has evolved in practice it has become firmly embedded in conventional police-centric notions of 'efficiency', law enforcement and crime control.

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Intelligence-Led Policing As a Framework for Responding to Terrorism

Cited by 80 publications

References 30 publications

Implementing Intelligence-Led Policing: An Application of Loose-Coupling Theory

Implementing Intelligence-Led Policing: An Application of Loose-Coupling Theory

Inter-organizational relationships and law enforcement information sharing post 11 September 2001

Community, intelligence-led policing and crime control

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