Intelligence and Extraversion in the neural evaluation of delayed rewards

Civai, Claudia; Hawes, Daniel R.; DeYoung, Colin G.; Rustichini, Aldo

doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.02.006

Cited by 58 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Perhaps HD-tDCS over this brain region helped the participants gain a more appropriate time perspective, and consequently reducing their temporal discount. Indeed, previous studies have already shown that activity in left DLPFC was positively associated with a preference for delayed rewards ( McClure et al, 2007 ; Christakou et al, 2011 ; Civai et al, 2016 ) and lower delay discounting rates ( Hayashi et al, 2013 ; Sheffer et al, 2013 ). Although previous discussions about time perspective in decision making focused on future discounting, it also seems appropriate to consider time perspective when examining decision making based on past events (e.g., IGT).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Anodal Stimulation of the Left DLPFC Increases IGT Scores and Decreases Delay Discounting Rate in Healthy Males

Chen

et al. 2016

Front. Psychol.

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Previous correlational imaging studies have implicated the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in decision making. Using High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (HD-tDCS), the present study directly investigated the causal role of the DLPFC in performing the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Inter-Temporal Choice (ITC) task. Three experiments were conducted: Experiment 1 (N = 41) to study the left DLPFC, Experiment 2 (N = 49) to study the right DLPFC, and Experiment 3 (N = 20, a subset of those in Experiment 1) to switch the experimental and control conditions. All participants were healthy male college students. For Experiments 1 and 2, participants were randomly assigned to either the HD-tDCS or the sham stimulation condition. For Experiment 3, participants were assigned to the condition they were not in during Experiment 1. Results showed that HD-tDCS over the left DLPFC increased IGT score, decreased the recency parameter in IGT, and lowered delay discounting rate (k) in the ITC task. We discussed the potential roles of impulse control and time perception in mediating the effect of tDCS stimulation of left DLPFC on decision making. Our results have clinical implications for the treatment of disorders involving poor decision-making, such as addictions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Anodal Stimulation of the Left DLPFC Increases IGT Scores and Decreases Delay Discounting Rate in Healthy Males

Chen

et al. 2016

Front. Psychol.

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“…The link between Extraversion and dopamine, demonstrated in a number of studies using pharmacological manipulations, is now one of the most robust findings in all of personality neuroscience (Chavanon, Depue, Luciana, Arbisi, Collins, & Leon, 1994;Mueller et al, 2014;Rammsayer, 1998;Rammsayer, Netter, & Vogel, 1993;Wacker, Chavanon, & Stemmler, 2006;Wacker et al, 2013;. Similarly, neuroimaging studies have provided compelling evidence that Extraversion is associated with structural and functional alterations throughout the mesolimbic reward system (Civai, Hawes, DeYoung, & Rustichini, 2016;Cremers et al, 2011;DeYoung et al, 2010;Grodin & White, 2015;Lewis et al, 2014). Depue and Collins's (1999) theory also provided some insight into the algorithmic processes represented by reward-related circuits.…”

Section: Let Theory Be Your Guide: How Detailed Explanations Of Bmentioning

confidence: 95%

From Description to Explanation: Integrating Across Multiple Levels of Analysis to Inform Neuroscientific Accounts of Dimensional Personality Pathology

Allen

Schreiber

Hall

et al. 2020

Journal of Personality Disorders

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Dimensional approaches to psychiatric nosology are rapidly transforming the way researchers and clinicians conceptualize personality pathology, leading to a growing interest in describing how individuals differ from one another. Yet, in order to successfully prevent and treat personality pathology, it is also necessary to explain the sources of these individual differences. The emerging field of personality neuroscience is well-positioned to guide the transition from description to explanation within personality pathology research. However, establishing comprehensive, mechanistic accounts of personality pathology will require personality neuroscientists to move beyond atheoretical studies that link trait differences to neural correlates without considering the algorithmic processes that are carried out by those correlates. We highlight some of the dangers we see in overpopulating personality neuroscience with brain-trait associational studies and offer a series of recommendations for personality neuroscientists seeking to build explanatory theories of personality pathology.

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“…Since Whiteside and Lynam (2001) based the original UPPS Scales in part on the Big Five, it has been investigated whether these major dimensions of personality are also related to temporal discounting. The strongest association appears to be between steeper discount rates and higher levels of extraversion (Daugherty and Brase, 2010;Mahalingam et al, 2014;Civai et al, 2016), perhaps due to higher susceptibility to (direct) rewards in extraverted individuals (Ostaszewski, 1996;Hirsh et al, 2010). Similar to impulsivity, however, this association is of small effect: In a study of N = 5,888 participants, Mahalingam et al (2014) found a correlation of r = 0.10.…”

Section: Personality Traitsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Agerelated cognitive decline may also play a moderating role here (Kable et al, 2019). Generally, studies point to a combination of several variables: For instance, since the relation between the Big Five and temporal discounting is significant but rather low (see Personality Traits section), it can be assumed to be of some relevance (Civai et al, 2016), but additional variables should be considered. tested the hypothesis of shared working memory mechanisms, as represented by working memory capacity, which is the ability to actively maintain goal-relevant mental representations (such as future rewards), while suppressing irrelevant or competing information (such as immediate rewards; Engle, 2002Engle, , 2018.…”

Section: Intelligencementioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Differences in Intertemporal Choice

et al. 2021

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Intertemporal choice involves deciding between smaller, sooner and larger, later rewards. People tend to prefer smaller rewards that are available earlier to larger rewards available later, a phenomenon referred to as temporal or delay discounting. Despite its ubiquity in human and non-human animals, temporal discounting is subject to considerable individual differences. Here, we provide a critical narrative review of this literature and make suggestions for future work. We conclude that temporal discounting is associated with key socio-economic and health-related variables. Regarding personality, large-scale studies have found steeper temporal discounting to be associated with higher levels of self-reported impulsivity and extraversion; however, effect sizes are small. Temporal discounting correlates negatively with future-oriented cognitive styles and inhibitory control, again with small effect sizes. There are consistent associations between steeper temporal discounting and lower intelligence, with effect sizes exceeding those of personality or cognitive variables, although socio-demographic moderator variables may play a role. Neuroimaging evidence of brain structural and functional correlates is not yet consistent, neither with regard to areas nor directions of effects. Finally, following early candidate gene studies, recent Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) approaches have revealed the molecular genetic architecture of temporal discounting to be more complex than initially thought. Overall, the study of individual differences in temporal discounting is a maturing field that has produced some replicable findings. Effect sizes are small-to-medium, necessitating future hypothesis-driven work that prioritizes large samples with adequate power calculations. More research is also needed regarding the neural origins of individual differences in temporal discounting as well as the mediating neural mechanisms of associations of temporal discounting with personality and cognitive variables.

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Intelligence and Extraversion in the neural evaluation of delayed rewards

Cited by 58 publications

References 63 publications

Anodal Stimulation of the Left DLPFC Increases IGT Scores and Decreases Delay Discounting Rate in Healthy Males

Anodal Stimulation of the Left DLPFC Increases IGT Scores and Decreases Delay Discounting Rate in Healthy Males

From Description to Explanation: Integrating Across Multiple Levels of Analysis to Inform Neuroscientific Accounts of Dimensional Personality Pathology

Individual Differences in Intertemporal Choice

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