Intellectual property protection mechanisms in research partnerships

Hertzfeld, Henry R.; Link, Albert N.; Vonortas, Nicholas S.

doi:10.1016/j.respol.2006.04.006

Cited by 183 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…This linkage is also confirmed by prior studies (see e.g. Hertzfeld et al, 2006). Some scholars signal the importance of contracts' content in collaborations (see e.g.…”

Section: The Appropriability-openness Relationshipsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…The appropriability literature still has gaps about the potential complementarity of different types of IPPMs (see, e.g., West, 2006) and the relationship between openness and appropriability (Hagedoorn and Ridder, 2012;Hertzfeld et al, 2006;Laursen and Salter, 2014). Although some previous studies suggest that firms' use of IPPMs in research partnerships is linked to factors such as the type of knowledge to be exchanged, the type of partners and the industry (see, e.g., Griffith et al, 2006;Hertzfeld et al, 2006), the literature has to our knowledge not provided sufficient and compelling evidence of how companies choose different IPPMs in collaborations with various types of partners. We thus propose a first research question regarding the above-stated gap:…”

Section: The Appropriability-openness Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on previous studies on IP appropriability strategies (e.g. Amara et al, 2008;Arundel, 2001;Hertzfeld et al, 2006), eight different mechanisms were suggested. In order to distinguish formal IPPMs such as patents from informal and semi-formal IPPMs, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis.…”

Section: Constructsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We include firm size, in terms of number of employees (the natural logarithmic value), following Neuhäusler (2012). We also add industry controls, since previous studies suggest appropriability differs across industry sectors (Hall et al, 2014;Hertzfeld et al, 2006). We divided the studied companies into four industry clusters, following the classification proposed by Eurostat and Statistics Sweden SCB (2014), i.e.…”

Section: Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One such challenge concerns the tensions between appropriability and openness to collaboration (e.g. Hertzfeld et al, 2006), at times in the utmost form of paradox (see Arrow, 1962;Laursen and Salter, 2014). Previous research provides no clear-cut answers how to solve this challenge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appropriability: a key to opening innovation internationally?

Stefan

Bengtsson

2016

IJTM

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This study focuses on the tense appropriability-openness relationship, defined by some as paradox. Based on an international survey of 415 manufacturing firms, we investigate how the use of different kinds of intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) affects interfirm R&D collaboration while considering partner location in the analysis as well. Our results show that the use of formal, semi-formal or informal IPPMs has different effects on openness in terms of partner variety and depth of collaboration with academic partners, value chain partners and competitors. Moreover, when considering location we uncover previously hidden appropriability-openness liaisons showing that semi-formal or informal IPPMs are mainly valid in relation to national partners, whereas formal appropriability explains international collaborations. One implication of the study is that to better understand the appropriability-openness relationship it is imperative to differentiate between national and international settings. We further suggest that the potential paradox delineating this relationship has a geographical dimension.Keywords: appropriability; intellectual property protection mechanisms; IPPMs; inter-firm collaboration; paradox of openness; R&D collaboration; international collaboration; open innovation; partner location; partner breadth; variety; partner depth; survey.Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Stefan, I. and Bengtsson, L. (2016) 'Appropriability: a key to opening innovation internationally? ', Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 71, Nos. 3/4, Biographical notes: Ioana Stefan is a doctoral student at the University of Gävle and KTH Royal Institute of Technology. Her primary research focus is the role of intellectual property protection mechanisms in open innovation collaborations, including the investigation of appropriability-openness tensions. Aside from her doctoral studies, she is engaged in further research projects where she contributes by e.g., performing patent analyses or investigating technology trends.Lars Bengtsson is a Professor in Innovation Management at the University of Gävle, Sweden and a Docent at The KTH Royal Institute of Technology. He has published articles and books on the subjects of innovation management, knowledge integration, manufacturing strategies and outsourcing. He currently leads research focusing on open innovation, supply chain management, human lean and rapid innovators in emerging economies.

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“…This linkage is also confirmed by prior studies (see e.g. Hertzfeld et al, 2006). Some scholars signal the importance of contracts' content in collaborations (see e.g.…”

Section: The Appropriability-openness Relationshipsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: The Appropriability-openness Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Constructsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Appropriability: a key to opening innovation internationally?

Stefan

Bengtsson

2016

IJTM

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Exploring the interplay between intellectual property models and sustainability transitions: A multi‐level analysis

Jain,

Gurtoo,

Eppinger

et al. 2024

Bus Strat Env

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Research on international technology transfer and partnership agreements provides a comprehensive understanding of country‐level impacts of intellectual property (IP) rights on sustainability transitions. However, firm‐level studies on how firms use and share their IP to support sustainability practices remains limited. The paper disentangles the relationship between firm‐level IP models and sustainability practices drawing from a cross‐case analysis of 28 firms offering sustainable innovations across four sectors. Analysis of firms' year‐wise data collected from 854 documents (typically 1996–2021) and 58 in‐depth interviews exploring linkage between IP models and sustainability practices of firms engaged in sustainable innovation provide six key findings: (a) emphasis on safeguarding registered and unregistered IP assets among firms with sustainable innovations; (b) widespread adoption of selectively open inbound IP models coupled with diverse IP sharing mechanisms; (c) a preference for collaborative (joint) IP ownership among internally driven firms, contrasting with a tendency for exclusive in‐licensing among those reacting to external pressures; (d) a divergence in outbound IP models, with internally motivated firms favouring selectively open approaches and externally driven firms favouring closed IP models; (e) the adoption of fully open outbound IP models democratize sustainable innovation diffusion; and (f) leveraging broadly open outbound IP models alongside closed or selectively open models balances widespread use with access control and achieves significant social sustainability. A framework is hence developed to guide technology‐sharing policies and procedures. Therefore, the paper creates a platform for prescribing sustainable IP incentives for encouraging firms to share IP for wider diffusion of sustainable innovations.

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HR-related Knowledge Protection and Innovation Performance: The Moderating Effect of Trust

Olander

Vanhala

Hurmelinna‐Laukkanen

et al. 2015

Know. Process Mgmt.

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We argue that different human resource (HR)-related practices and mechanisms play a role with regard to knowledge and innovation protection. We further suggest that the relationship between the protective HR mechanisms-softer and harder, more or less restrictive forms-and innovation performance is affected by contingency factors, especially organizational trust. Theoretical and empirical examination indicates that the different HR mechanisms are associated with improved innovation performance. Furthermore, according to the findings, trust exerts a positive moderating effect when access to knowledge needs to be limited within the firm boundaries with the help of restrictive mechanisms and when the commitment increasing soft mechanisms are used to limit knowledge leaving. Furthermore, we find a negative moderating effect when legal, hard HR mechanisms direct the use of knowledge within the firm. Hence, the current study interprets trust as a contingency factor capable of enhancing collective understanding of the need for knowledge protection.

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Intellectual property protection mechanisms in research partnerships

Cited by 183 publications

References 13 publications

Appropriability: a key to opening innovation internationally?

Appropriability: a key to opening innovation internationally?

Exploring the interplay between intellectual property models and sustainability transitions: A multi‐level analysis

HR-related Knowledge Protection and Innovation Performance: The Moderating Effect of Trust

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